Walchensee
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| Walchensee | |
|---|---|
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| Location | Kochel, Bavaria |
| Coordinates | |
| Primary inflows | Obernach |
| Primary outflows | Jachen Lake Walchen Power Plant |
| Catchment area | 779.3 km³ |
| Basin countries | Germany |
| Max. length | 6.7 km |
| Max. width | 5 km |
| Surface area | 16.4 km2 (6.3 sq mi) |
| Average depth | 81.4 m |
| Max. depth | 192.3 m (631 ft) |
| Water volume | 1,324,000,000 m3 (4.68×1010 cu ft) |
| Surface elevation | 800.8 m (2,627 ft) |
| Islands | Sassau |
| Settlements | Kochel |
Walchensee or Lake Walchen is one of the deepest and largest alpine lakes in Germany, with a maximum depth of 192.3 metres (631 ft) and an area of 16.4 square kilometres (6.3 sq mi). The lake is 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of Munich in the middle of the Bavarian Alps. The entire lake, including the island Sassau is part of the municipality of Kochel. To the east and the south, the lake borders the municipality of Jachenau.
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[edit] Etymology
The name Walchen comes from Middle High German and means strangers. All Roman and romanized peoples of the Alps south of Bavaria were known to the locals as Welsche or even Walche. This is also true of the etymology of the Swiss Lake Walen and the Salzburg Wallersee.
Another possible interpretation is that it comes from the Latin Lacus vallensis, meaning lake in a valley. On 16th century maps, the lake is also labelled dicto Italico, meaning leading to Italy. This probably resulted from the fact that route through the Walchensee Valley lead through Mittenwald and Innsbruck to Italy.
[edit] Geography
[edit] Genesis
Walchensee fills a tectonic valley; part of the Bayerischen Synkline or Bavarian syncline and from rocks of the triassic period (the main dolomite, Plattenkalke, and Kössener layers). The extreme depth of the lake, 192.3 metres (631 ft) is the result of this tectonic formation. The rock faces of the northwestern shore cleary shows the steep arrangement of the rock layers. The creation of the lake from the forces of mountain building indicate that Walchensee could be one of the oldest lakes in Germany. During the ice age, the Isar-Loisach glacier repeatedly left its mark on the morphology of the area and thereby the Walchensee.
[edit] Location and surrounding communities
The mountain lake has a shoreline of approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) and contains 1.3 cubic kilometres (0.31 cu mi) of water. The Jachen is the natural outflow of the lake, eastwards through the valley of Jachenau to the Isar. Obernach is the largest natural inflow to the lake, which flows in from the southwest. Together with the artificial inflow (see the section Peculiarties), the lake has a catchment basin of 780 square kilometres (300 sq mi).
Walchensee lies at 802 metres (2,630 ft) above sea level. It is surrounded by wooded mountains. To the northwest stands the Herzogstand-Heimgarten group at 1731 m and 1790 m respectively and borders on the the valley of the Eschenlaine to the west of the lake. The southside of the Eschenlaine valley is the Simetsberg (1836 m), which is the end of the Estergebirge. To the south of the lake, the Altlacher Hochkopf separates Walchensee from the valley of the Isar. On the eastern shore lies the Jachenau, a long drawn-out alpine valley that stretches in the direction of Lenggries. The northeast is dominated by the Benediktenwand. A little further to the west is Jochberg (1565 m), which completes the valley wall. Between Herzogstand and Jochberg is little Kesselberg, which because of its relatively low prominence appears rather to be a depression between the two higher peaks. But this mountain separates Walchensee from Kochelsee, which lies 200 metres (660 ft) lower than Walchensee.
Directly on the west bank of the lake is the tiny Luftkurort settlement of Walchensee, with only about 600 inhabitants. Walchensee belongs to the municipality Kochel as do the yet smaller settlements of Urfeld at the northern tip of the lake, Zwergen on the western shore, and the houses of Einsiedl am Walchensee on the orographic left bank of the Obernach at the furthest southwestern end of the lake. The houses of Einsiedl am Walchensee on the right back of the Obernach as well as Altlach on the southern shore along with the farmsteads of Matheis, Christopher, and Breitort, and Sachenbach on the east shore and Niedernach in the far southwest belong to the municipality of Jachenau. Between the settlements of Walchensee and Einsiedl, the 1.4 square kilometres (0.54 sq mi)Katzenkopf peninsula reaches 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) into the lake. The settlement of Zwergen lies on this peninsula.
The surface of the lake forms a north-facing triangle, with the southern shore forming a 6.9 kilometres (4.3 mi) base from Einsiedl to Niedernach and the height reaching 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Breitort to Urfeld.
[edit] Climate
Due to its location in a valley, the lake is protected from northern and eastern winds. The relatively low mountains on the south shore let in the optimal amount of sunlight, giving Walchensee a milder climate than one might expect in the mountains. During the summer months, heat on southern side of Herzogstand and Jochberg creata strong thermals on sunny days. Stable thermal winds blow generally southwest. When the thermals carry saturated air masses from the Walchensee high into the air and mix with air from the more northerly Kochelsee by a prevailing wind from the northwest, it can lead to particularly violent thunderstorms.
In contrast to a Foehn, when a Katabatic wind blows from south to north, the associated dry air ensures excellent visibility.
[edit] History
Since prehistorical times the local population has probably felt a close association with the lake, so it was for example unsual up until the 18th century to throw consecrated gold coins into the deepest part of the lake.
The wealth of fish in the lake led to the monasteries of Benediktbeuern Abbey and Schlehdorf Abbey to claim Walchensee already in 740 AD. The monasteries owned the lake until secularization in 1803. The abbey at Benediktbeuern had the larger rights than Schlehdorf. Today the free state of Bavaria owns Walchensee.
In Munich around 1900, the idea was born to use the 200 metres (660 ft) drop between Walchensee and Kochelsee to generate power. For this purpose dives to survey the lakebottom were already underway in 1903. The driving force behind this venture was Oskar von Miller, who founded the Deutsches Museum in 1903. The approval porocess dragged on until 1918. Construction work began immediately after the World War I. On January 24, 1924, water from Walchensee turned the turbines on the shore of Kochelsee for the first time.
During the World War II at least two aircraft ditched and sank into the lake. In April 1945 the Wehrmacht and officials of the Reichsbank approved a plan to store at least part of the reserves of the German Reichsbank at Einsiedl, a small town on the soutwest shore. Subsequently, the assets buried in undisclosed location in the crags above the Obernach powerplant. The assets consisted of 365 sacks, each with two gold bars, nine envelopes with gold documents, four crates of gold, two bags of gold coins, six boxes of Danish coins, and 94 sacks of foreign currency. The foreign currency was mainly U.S. dollars and Swiss francs. On June 6, 1945, the treasure was handed over to the Allies. 100 gold bars and all the U.S. dollars and Swiss francs were missing. Possibly there were other hoards, where valuables such as other currencies or gemstones were hidden. Even today, speculation continues about the existance and exact location of such caches.
Since the 1950s, Walchensee has become a popular destination for day trips from Munich and other upper Bavarian cities as well as for tourists. The local population now lives primarily from tourism.
[edit] Biology
[edit] Ecology
The clear waters with an average visibility of 8-10 m owes its turquoise-green color to the relatively high proportion of calcium carbonate. The waters of Walchensee rate as water quality class 1 under the saprobic system. The temperature of the water is relatively low, which is typical for a mountain lake. In summer the water temperature ranges from 17 °C (63 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F) and from 10 °C (50 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F) in the spring and fall. The nutrient load on the originally oligotrophic Walchensee has declined since the mid 1980s, due to the improvement in sanitation in Mittenwald.
The Walchensee including its shores is a Lanschaftsschützgebiet landscape protection area. Of the 7 km long south shore, 2.5 km are set aside for recreational purposes, such as bathing. The rest of the shore is steep dropoff for the most part. The lake shore in the west is not developed, with a few exceptions.
The island of Sassau (2.9 hectares) is a nature reserve. The island is off limits all year round. The island is 367 metres (1,200 ft) long and 93 metres (310 ft) wide in the west. In the east it is only half as wide. Its highest point is 12 metres (39 ft) above the surface of the lake.
[edit] Flora and fauna
More than 500 years ago, the first fish species was introduced into the lake. In 1480 Coregonus were introduced from Kochelsee, followed by char from Tegernsee. The lake environment can be divided into three zones: shore, bottom, and open water. The following table lists the fish that can be found in these zones.
More than 50% of the fish that live here are threatened or at least endangered in Bavaria or in this stock, such as the Wels catfish or the Rutilus meidingerii. The Swan mussel is also on the red list of endangered plant and animals.
In 2003, Upper Bavaria began a project to stock Walchensee again with Astacus astacus. For this purpose, 1900 crabs were captured in Eibsee, west of Garmish-Partenkirchen. However, success of the resettlement can only be declared once five years have passed.
For many bird species, the lake and the island Sassau offer excellent breeding opportunities. For migrating birds, it offers a safe winterquarters or resting place for further migration. In addition to Red-necked and Black-necked Grebes, Mallards, and Eurasian Coots, one can find Common Mergansers and Great Northern Divers here.
Near the shore in many inlets, Ranunculus fluitans and Myriophyllum spicatum grow just below the surface. The vegetable plankton Diatoms and Green algae together with the animal plantons Water fleas Cyclops (genus) and occur in virtually all areas on the lake. Also in the shore zone grow native Phragmites and Schoenoplectus. Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea offer reliable shelter to more than just the Grass Snake.
[edit] External links
Media related to Walchensee at Wikimedia Commons.
