This document shows the Arab and Turkish rulers in western Asia and north Africa, from about the 11th century. The earlier Arab rulers and caliphs, who claimed descent from the Prophet Mohammed, are shown in the separate document WEST ASIA & NORTH AFRICA (1). The Mongol states established after the Mongol invasion of the early to mid-13th century are set out in the separate document MONGOLS.

Turkestan in Central Asia was ruled by the Persian dynasty of the Samanids in the 10th century. Mahmud the Ghaznavid, who died in 1030, displaced the Samanids in the early 11th century. His successors were displaced by the Seljuks. The Turkmen moved westward, and settled in what is now Turkey. The different Turkmen and Arab peoples which are dealt with in this document are introduced separately in the chapters below.

The chronicle of Abu'l-Feda, also known as Bar Hebræus[1], was written in the early 14th century. Its author was a junior member of the Ayubite dynasty which provided rulers of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Syria from the mid-12th century until the Mongol conquest in the 13th century. It provides a broad outline of the history of all these territories, but with particular emphasis on the Ayubites. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle[2] was written at Djezirat Ibn Omara, a town on the right bank of the river Tigris about 100 kilometres north-west of Mosul. The author was Abu'l-Hassan Ali, son of Abu'l-Karim Mohammed Athir ed-Din es-Cheibani el-Djezeri, who received the title Eizz ed-Din, and is sometimes referred to as Ibn-Alatyr. He wrote towards the end of the first quarter of the 13th century. Its coverage is broadly similar but it includes more detail on the lives of the atabeg rulers of Mosul, and less on the Ayubid dynasty. It includes particulars of some marriages which are not mentioned in Abul-Feda. The versions of these sources which have been consulted are the French translations included in the 19th century compilation Receuil des historiens des croisades, one difficulty with which is that they translate no material dealing with events before the end of the 11th century. In addition, in some cases parts of the works have been omitted. The omissions are indicated in the Arabic original texts (but not in the French translations) although it is not possible to see how much has been omitted.

Chapter 1. EARLY TURKIC TRIBES from CENTRAL ASIA

A. KHAZARS

The Khazars were a confederation of Hunnic and Turkic tribes formed around the 6th century. The Khazar dynasty, the Ansa (Chinese: Nu-she-pi), was probably the same as the Ansina, the dynasty of western Turks. The Khazar great chief (Khagan) was a prince delegate (Yabgu) of the Turkish dynasty. The Khazars were autonomous from [630] after a civil war with other tribes, including those which were ancestors of the Bulgarian state and those linked to the tribe of Attila and his descendants. The Khagan’s power declined with time. By the 9th century, the real chief was his subordonate, the beg or shad. One of these beg, general Bulan, son of a Jewish woman, seized the throne by 850 and converted his people to Judaism and was ancestor of the later Jewish dynasty.

1. ZIEBEL [Jebu/Tung] . Son of the Turkish khagan. He was Khagan in 618 when Emperor Heraclius promised him his daughter Eudocia.

2. ---.

a) SHAD . First counsellor of his uncle Ziebel. He devastated Georgia in 626/628.

3. IBI-SHEGI . Khagan in 650.

1. BIHEROS [Bouzeros] . Khagan of the Khazars.

a) CHICHEK (-[750/6 Jun 751], bur Constantinople, Church of the Holy Apostles). Theophanes records the marriage of "Leo imperator…filio suo Constantino" and "filia chagani Scytharum" in the sixteenth year of his father's reign, and that she was baptised as EIRENE[3]. The primary source which confirms her original name and the name of her father has not yet been identified. This marriage was arranged by Emperor Leon III to confirm his alliance with the Khazars against their common enemy the Arabs[4]. Emperor Konstantinos VII's De Ceremoniis Aulæ records that "Irene uxor Constantini Caballini" was buried in the church of the Holy Apostles[5]. m ([731/32]) as his first wife, KONSTANTINOS, son of Emperor LEON III & his wife Maria --- (Jul 718-14 Sep 775, bur Constantinople, Church of the Holy Apostles). He was crowned co-Emperor by his father at Easter 720. He succeeded his father 741 as Emperor KONSTANTINOS V.

b) BARDJIK .

2. BAGATHUR .

a) daughter . m YAZID, Armenian ruler.

B. PECHENEGS

The Pechenegs originally inhabited the steppes to the east of the River Volga north of the Caspian and Aral Seas. Their name is derived from the Old Turkic Bečenek, diminutive of the personal name Beče[6]. Their migration westward was triggered by Emir Ismail ibn-Ahmed, Samanid ruler of Bokhara, who began a campaign against his Turkic steppe neighbours in 893[7]. Pecheneg attacks on the Magyar tribes living to the east of the Carpathian basin, described in detail by Konstantinos VII Emperor of Byzantium[8], resulted in the Magyars migrating to Transylvania and the Pechenegs settling in their original lands north of the Black Sea. They formed themselves into a federation of hordes, possibly under some form of central leadership although this was not sufficiently strong for a stable, hereditary central authority to emerge[9]. The Pechenegs were defeated by a Byzantine/Kuman army in 1091 at Mount Levunion and fell under Kuman suzerainty[10]. The Pechenegs who settled in Hungary eventually assimilated with the local population.

1. THONUZOBA [Disznó-apa/Pig-father] (-after [955/70]). Recorded in the 13^th century Gesta Hungarorum as "a knight from one of the leading clans" who "came from the land of the Pechenegs…from whom the Tomaj [Thomoy] clan is descended. Prince Taksony gave him dwelling-land in the parts of the Kemej up to the River Tisza where the village of Abád-rév stands"[11].

a) URCUND . Son of Thonuzoba, according to the Gesta Hungarorum8, he was baptised into Christianity[12].

C. KUMANS

The Kumans or Kipchaks originated near the great eastern bend in the Yellow River. Their name "Kuman" meaning "pale yellow" in Turkic, they became known as the "yellow people" (polovtsy, in Russian). They moved west when the Ch'itans invaded China from Mongolia in [986][13]. By the mid-11th century they were living in area north of Caspian sea, and in the early 1200s on the northwest side of Black Sea, at the mouth of the Danube[14]. In 1091 the Kumans, led by Bönek [Boniak] Khan and Tugorkan, allied themselves with the Byzantines to rout the Pechenegs, thereafter under Kuman suzerainty[15]. In the first half of the 12th century, the Kuman federation split into branches living to the east and west of the River Dnieper, reunited by Könchek Khan at the end of the century. Although Könchek Khan was succeeded by his son, and strove to reinforce his dynastic position by matrimonial alliances with the Russian principalities, there was no movement towards a state organisation[16]. Like the Pechenegs, the Kumans were bound by clan and tribal loyalties, within the central authority. Mongol attacks on the Kumans started after 1219 under Jenghiz Khan. The Kuman people were baptised in 1227 by Róbert Archbishop of Esztergom in a mass baptism in Moldavia on the orders of Bortz Khan, who swore allegiance to András II King of Hungary[17]. The names of Kuman chiefs at that time were: Zeyhan, Arbuz, Turtel, Kemenche, Alpra, Tolun.

1. KUTHEN [Köten] Khan of the Kumans (-murdered [1240/41]). He negotiated a protective alliance with his son-in-law Prince Mstislav of Galich against the Mongols, but their forces were crushed at the River Kalka 16 Jun 1223[18]. He defeated the Mongols near the Black Sea in [1229], he and his followers took refuge in Hungary after the battle of the Volga in 1239, entering through the Radna Pass[19]. The Kuman presence caused internal resentment in Hungary which culminated in the murder of Khan Kuthen in the royal palace at Pest by a group of Hungarian and German soldiers[20]. After this the Kumans left Hungary, raiding neighbouring countries as they went. King Béla IV later recalled them to Hungary and settled them on empty land either side of the River Tisza, the agreement being sealed by the marriage of his son and heir to a Kuman princess[21].

a) daughter . m MSTISLAV Mstislavich "Udaloy" Prince of Galich, son of MSTISLAV Rostislavich "Khrabriy/the Brave" & his first wife --- Iaroslavna of Kiev (before 1176-1228).

1. --- Khan of the Kumans . His name is not known, but he was probably elected Khan by the Kumans who left Hungary in [1241] after the murder of Kuthen Khan. He was baptised in 1254 at the Dominican monastery in Buda[22].

a) daughter (1240-after 1290). Her marriage was agreed as part of King Béla's arrangements for settling the Kumans on empty land on either side of the River Tisza[23]. She was baptised with the name ELISABETH. Regent for her son King László IV 1272, she was hated by the Hungarians[24]. m (1253) ISTVÁN of Hungary, son of BÉLA IV King of Hungary & his wife Maria Laskarina of Nikaia (18 Oct 1239-1 Aug 1272, Csepel Island, Dominican Monastery). He succeeded his father in 1270 as ISTVÁN V King of Hungary.

Chapter 2. ASIA MINOR

The Seljuk Sultan Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantine forces of Emperor Romanos IV at Manzikert in 1071 and invaded Asia Minor.

A. DANIŞMEND

The origins of the principality of Danişmend are not known but a source dated to [1095] names Danişmend, otherwise known as Tailu[25]. Abul-Feda names "Gumichtikin Ibn Tilou…Ibn ed-Danichmend" as sovereign of "Malatiya", commenting that "danichmend" was Turkish for schoolmaster, the occupation of his father[26]. The principality was established in central Asia Minor, between Sivas and Cappadocia, in opposition to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.

1. TAILU [Danişmend] (-[24 Feb 1104/22 Feb 1105]). Vardan's History records that "Danishman lord of Sebastia, whom they say was of Armenian nationality, came against Melitene" in 1100 and captured "Pemond and Rajard who were at Edessa [and] who came against him"[27], presumably referring to Bohemond I Prince of Antioch and Richard of the Principate (later regent of Edessa). Vardan's History records that "Danishman died" in 1104 "leaving twelve sons"[28]. Danişmend had twelve children:

a) GÜMÜŞTEKIN [Muhammad/Amir Ghazi] (-[1134/35]). Vardan's History records that "the senior son Ghazi assumed authority" in 1104 after the death of his father[29]. Abul-Feda records that "Gumichtikin Ibn Tilou…Ibn ed-Danichmend" was sovereign of "Malatiya" in A.H. 492 (15 Jul 1099) and captured the Frankish leader[30]. He captured Caesarea, Sebastea and Amasea. William of Tyre records that he defeated and killed Bohémond II Prince of Antioch, who had invaded the territories of Leo I Lord of the Mountains [Armenia - Rupen] in Feb 1130, and had the prince's head embalmed and sent as a gift to the Caliph[31]. The Caliph and the Great Seljuk Sultan sent the insignia of king (malik) to Gümüştekin in early 1135 and officially invested him with 'the northern country'[32]. Gümüştekin had five children:

i) MOHAMMED (-[Aug 1140/Oct 1143]). He succeeded his father in 1135 as malik of Danişmend. Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 537 (1142/43) of "Mohammed ibn ed-Danichmend seigneur de Malatiya" after which his lands passed to "le prince seldjoukide Mesoud fils de Kilidj-Arslan et souverain d'Icone"[33]. Mehmed had three children:

(a) IBRAHIM Ibn Mohammed . The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Kilidj Arslan, fils de Massoud prince de Conieh" made peace with "Melik Ibrahim, fils de Mohammed" after he inherited the lands of "Yaghi Arslan (fils de Kumuchtekin) fils de Danichment prince de Malatiah" after the death of the latter in A.H. 560 (1164/65)[34].

(b) DHU'L NUN (-1174). He succeeded his father as malik of Danişmend. Abul-Feda records that "son autre neveu Doun Noun" captured "Kaissariya" after the death of "Yaghi Arslan Ibn ed-Danichmend souverain de Malatiya" in A.H. 560 (1164/65)[35]. He ruled in Cæsarea and Mazacha. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Dhou'l-noun, frère d'Ibrahim" captured Cæsarea in A.H. 560 (1164/65)[36]. He was deposed by Sultan Kilij Arslan II in 1168 and exiled to Constantinople[37]. Abul-Feda records that Sultan Kilij Arslan expelled "Dou'n-Noun" in A.H. 568 (1172/73)[38]. m ([1164/65]) as her second husband, ---, divorced wife of KILIJ ARSLAN II Sultan of Rum, daughter of Al-Malik SALTUK. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Kilidj Arslan, fils de Massoud prince de Conieh" married "la fille d'Almelik Saltouk, fils d'Ali, fils d'Abou'l-Cassem" in A.H. 560 (1164/65), but that "Yaghi Arslan (fils de Kumuchtekin) fils de Danichment prince de Malatiah" captured her on her way to her husband and married her to "son neveu Dhou'lnoun, fils de Mohammed"[39].

(c) YUNUS (-after 1144). Lord of Masara. He helped his uncle Ayn al-Dawla in his revolt against his brother Dhu'l Nun[40].

ii) --- . m MASUD I Seljuk Sultan of Rum, son of KILIC ARSLAN I Seljuk Sultan of Rum (-1155).

iii) YAGHI ARSLAN (-[1164/65]). Governor of Sivas 1141. He and his brother rebelled against his nephew Dhu'l Nun[41]. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Kilidj Arslan, fils de Massoud prince de Conieh" defeated "Yaghi Arslan (fils de Kumuchtekin) fils de Danichment prince de Malatiah" after he captured his wife "la fille d'Almelik Saltouk, fils d'Ali, fils d'Abou'l-Cassem" in A.H. 560 (1164/65), and married her to "son neveu Dhou'lnoun, fils de Mohammed"[42]. Yagibasan had one child:

(a) YAGHI SIYAN . Sivas.

iv) AYN al-DAWLA (-[1151]). He rebelled against his brother Mehmed in the Jahan, but was driven out two years later and sought refuge with Joscelin Count of Edessa[43]. He ruled in Melitene 1141. He and his brother rebelled against his nephew Dhu'l Nun[44]. Ayn al-Dawla had one child:

(a) DHU'L QARNAYN (-end 1160). After his father died, he refused to submit to the Seljuk Sultan Masid[45].

v) IBRAHIM . Ibrahim had one child:

(a) ISMAIL . He succeeded his uncle Yagibasan in 1164[46].

b) eleven other sons . Vardan's History records that "Danishman died" in 1104 "leaving twelve sons"[47].

B. SELJUKID SULTANS of RUM

SÜLEYMAN, son of KUTLUMUŞ (-killed in battle Syria 1086). Abul-Feda names "Soleiman, fils de Koutloumich, fils d'Arslan-Baighou, fils de Seldjouk", when recording the death of his great-grandson Sultan Kilij Arslan[48]. Hamd Allah Mustaufi records that Sultan Malik Shah sent "Soleiman fils de Coutoulmich" to capture Antioch from the Greeks in A.H. 467 (1074), and that in A.H. 471 (1078/79) they captured Samarkand together[49]. He and his brothers rebelled against the Seljuk Sultans. He invaded Asia Minor in 1073. Emperor Mikhael sought help from the Seljuks during the rebellion of Roussel de Bailleul in 1073, promising them east Anatolia, and they surrounded Roussel's forces on Mount Sophon in Cappadocia[50]. He provided support for Nikephoros Botaneiates in his claim to the imperial crown. He subsequently supported Nikephoros Melissenos as anti-Emperor. As master of most of Asia Minor, he founded the Seljuk Sultanate of "Rum", the name derived from "Rome", with its capital at Konya. He increased his territory at the expense of the Byzantine empire, taking advantage of the latter's decline. In 1085, Emperor Alexios agreed a treaty with the Seljuks under which Nikomedia and parts of the Anatolian coast were returned to Byzantium, although Chaka, a rival Turkish leader, captured the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Rhodos in the 1080s[51]. He was defeated by Tutush.

m --- Seljuk, daughter of TUTUSH. The Alexeiad names Tutush as father-in-law of Sultan Süleyman when recording that he planned to have the Sultan his brother murdered after the death of his son-in-law[52].

Sultan Süleyman had two children:

1. KILIC ARSLAN (-killed in battle River Khabur Jun 1107, bur Es-Shomeisaniya). Abul-Feda names "Kilidj-Arslan, fils de Soleiman, fils de Koutloumich, fils d'Arslan-Baighou, fils de Seldjouk", when recording the death of his grandson Sultan Kilij Arslan[53]. The Alexeiad names Kilij Arslan as older son of Sultan Süleyman when recording that he received the title sultan after the death of his father[54]. After his father's death, he was captured at Antioch by the forces of his cousin Malik-Shah. He succeeded in 1092 as KILIC ARSLAN I Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Ruler of Nikaia in 1092. Vardan's History records that "Ghilich Arslan sultan of the West, grandson of Ddlmush, came into Melitene" in 1095 but "the prince of the city Ghavril, father-in-law of the curopalate of Edessa turned them back in disgrace"[55]. Orderic Vitalis records that he besieged German crusaders at the castle of Xerigordon, which surrendered 29 Sep [1096], its defenders (including "Count Berthold") being led away into captivity[56]. Orderic Vitalis records that he fled from Nikaia after the Turks were defeated by the crusading army at the battle of Dorylaeum 1 Jul 1097[57]. Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 500 (1106/07) "Kilidj-Arslan le Seldjoukide, fils de Soleiman et souverain du pays des Roum" captured Mosul and appointed "son fils Malec-Chah…onze ans" as his lieutenant, but that Kilij Arslan drowned in the river Khabur after "Djaoueli-Sakaouch" defeated him and was buried "à Es-Chomeiçaniya"[58]. m ---, daughter of CHAKA Emir of Smyrna. Sultan Kilic Arslan I had five children:

a) --- ([1095/96]-killed in battle before 1107). Kilic Arslan's oldest son was killed in battle by Gümüştekin the Danişmendid[59].

b) SHAHANSHAH [Malik Shah] (-1116). Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 500 (1106/07) "Kilidj-Arslan le Seldjoukide, fils de Soleiman et souverain du pays des Roum" captured Mosul and appointed "son fils Malec-Chah…onze ans" as his lieutenant, but that he was obliged to returned Mosul to "Djaoueli-Sakaouch" after the defeat of his father[60]. He was captured in the battle in which his father was killed[61]. During his captivity, power in the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum was exercised by his cousin, but in 1109 Shahanshah was freed, returned and put his cousin to death[62]. He succeeded in 1109 as SHAHANSHAH Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Sultan of Konya 1110. While visiting Emperor Alexios I for peace negotiations, Sultan Shahanshah was deposed by his brother Masud, and later captured, blinded and strangled[63].

c) MASUD (-[Apr] 1155, bur Iconium). Abul-Feda names "Mesoud, fils de Kilidj-Arslan, fils de Soleiman, fils de Koutloumich, fils d'Arslan-Baighou, fils de Seldjouk", when recording the death of his son Sultan Kilij Arslan[64]. He deposed his brother in 1116 and succeeded as MASUD I Seljuk Sultan of Rum.

- see below.

d) ARAB (-1129). He rebelled against his brother Sultan Masud, who fled to Constantinople but succeeded in expelling Arab with Byzantine help[65]. He fled to Constantinople in 1129 where he died.

e) TOGRIL ARSLAN (-after 1116). After the death of his father, Togril Arslan's mother exercised power at Malatya on his behalf[66]. He expelled the Armenians from the Jahan[67].

2. son . The Alexeiad implies that Süleyman had another son when it names Kilij Arslan as his older son[68].

MASUD, son of Kilic ARSLAN I Seljuk Sultan of Rum (-[Apr] 1155, bur Iconium). Abul-Feda names "Mesoud, fils de Kilidj-Arslan, fils de Soleiman, fils de Koutloumich, fils d'Arslan-Baighou, fils de Seldjouk", when recording the death of his son Sultan Kilij Arslan[69]. He deposed his brother in 1116 and succeeded as MASUD I Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Emperor Ioannes II launched his first campaign against the Turks in Spring 1119, capturing Laodicea and Sozopolis from the Seljuks as well as attacking the Danishmends in the east[70]. He fled to Constantinople in 1125 after his brother Arab rebelled, but succeeded in expelling Arab with Byzantine help[71]. Emperor Ioannes II renewed his attacks on the Danishmend Turks in 1130, defeated the Seljuks in Asia Minor, recaptured Cilician Armenia in 1137 and besieged Antioch in Aug 1137[72]. Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 551 (1156/57) of "le roi Mesoud, fils de Kilidj Arslan et souverain d'Icone…dans le pays d'Er-Roum" and the succession of "son fils Kilidj Arslan"[73]. Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle records that "Masud sultan of Iconium" died in [11 Feb 1155/10 Feb 1156] and was buried "in Iconium"[74].

m --- of Danishmend, daughter of GHAZI II Danishmend Emir.

Sultan Masud I had seven children:

1. ALP ARSLAN (-after 1145). At Mosul. He was deposed by Zengi in 1145.

2. ---. Ioannes Komnenos deserted to the Turks, converted to Islam in 1140, married the daughter of the Seljuk Sultan as his second wife[75], and became a noted scholar. m (1140) as his second wife, IOANNES Komnenos Tzelepes, son of ISAAKIOS Komnenos caesar, & his wife --- (after 1114-[1145]). One child:

a) SULEIMAN Shah. Founder of the Qonya branch. Mohammed the Conqueror Sultan of Turkey claimed to be descended from him.

3. --- . m (1150) NUR ed-DIN of Aleppo and Damascus (-1174).

4. KILIC ARSLAN (-end Aug 1192, bur Iconium). Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 551 (1156/57) of "le roi Mesoud, fils de Kilidj Arslan et souverain d'Icone…dans le pays d'Er-Roum" and the succession of "son fils Kilidj Arslan"[76]. He succeeded his father in 1155 as KILIC ARSLAN II Seljuk Sultan of Rum.

- see below.

5. son (-murdered 1155). Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle records that Sultan Kilij Arslan had one of his brothers strangled after he was enthroned in [11 Feb 1155/10 Feb 1156][77].

6. SHAHANSHAH (-after 1174). His father installed him as ruler in Çankiri and Ankara but he rebelled against his brother after their father died[78]. Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle records that one of Sultan Kilij Arslan's brothers "fled to Gangra and Ankara" after his brother was enthroned in [11 Feb 1155/10 Feb 1156][79]. Abul-Feda records that "Chahanchah Ibn Medoud, frère de Kilidj Arslan" was granted sovereignty over "Ancouriya" in A.H. 560 (1164/65)[80]. He was deposed by Sultan Kilij Arslan II in 1169 and banished[81]. He fled to Constantinople in 1174[82].

7. SANCAR-SHAH . He received Ereğli under the division of territories organised by his brother Sultan Kilij Arslan II in [1186/87][83]. Sancar-Shah had one child:

a) NIZAM al-DIN ARĞUN-SHAH . He received Amasya under the division of territories organised by his paternal uncle Sultan Kilij Arslan II in [1186/87][84].

KILIC ARSLAN, son of MASUD I Seljuk Sultan of Rum (-end Aug 1192, bur Iconium). Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 551 (1156/57) of "le roi Mesoud, fils de Kilidj Arslan et souverain d'Icone…dans le pays d'Er-Roum" and the succession of "son fils Kilidj Arslan"[85]. Smbat Sparapet's Chronicle records that "his son Kilij Arslan…called Machat because of a deformed hand" was enthroned after the death of Sultan Masud in [11 Feb 1155/10 Feb 1156][86]. He succeeded his father in 1155 as KILIC ARSLAN II Seljuk Sultan of Rum. On meeting Heinrich "der Löwe" Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, who was visiting Konya while returning from his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1173, the Sultan greeted him as a blood relation, declaring himself descended from a high-born German lady[87]. He divided his territories between his sons in [1186/87][88]. Abul-Feda records the death "vers le milieu de cha'ban" in A.H. 588 (end Aug 1192) of "Eizz ed-Din Kilidj Arslan sultan d'Icone…fils de Mesoud, fils de Kilidj-Arslan, fils de Soleiman, fils de Koutloumich, fils d'Arslan-Baighou, fils de Seldjouk", leaving ten sons, and his burial at Iconium[89].

m (a) ---, a Greek. The mother of Sultan Kay Khusraw I was Greek[90].

m (b) ([1164/65], non-consummated, divorced) ---, daughter of Al-Malik SALTUK. The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Kilidj Arslan, fils de Massoud prince de Conieh" married "la fille d'Almelik Saltouk, fils d'Ali, fils d'Abou'l-Cassem" in A.H. 560 (1164/65), but that "Yaghi Arslan (fils de Kumuchtekin) fils de Danichment prince de Malatiah" captured her on her way to her husband and married her to "son neveu Dhou'lnoun, fils de Mohammed"[91]. She married secondly ([1164/65]) Dhu'l Nun ruler of Danişmend.

Sultan Kilij Arslan II had twelve children:

1. QUTB al-DIN MALIK-SHAH (-1195). Abul-Feda names "Kotb ed-Din Malec-Chah" as oldest son of "Eizz ed-Din Kilidj Arslan sultan d'Icone", when recording that he received "Siouas" under the partition of territories effected by his father, but captured his father, attacked his brother "Nour ed-Din Soltan-Chah seigneur de Césarée" and proclaimed himself sultan at Iconium[92]. His father's oldest son, he received Aksaray under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][93]. Attempting to secure his position in the succession, he attacked his father in 1189 and obtained possession of Konya[94]. Abul-Feda records that "Kotb ed-Din Malec-Chah" died "peu de temps après" his father[95].

2. GHIYATH al-DIN KAY KHUSRAW (-killed in battle near Antioch on the Menderes Spring 1211). The mother of Sultan Kay Khusraw I was his father's Greek wife[96]. He received Burğlu under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][97]. Abul-Feda records that "son fils Ghiath ed-Did Cai-Khosrou, seigneur de Beraklou" helped his father "Eizz ed-Din Kilidj Arslan sultan d'Icone" regain his throne from his oldest brother[98]. He succeeded in 1192 as KAY KHUSRAW I Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Abul-Feda recording that he declared that his father had designated him as heir to the throne[99]. This was disputed by his brothers who acted as independent princes in the territories allocated to them by their father[100]. He was expelled from Konya by his brother Süleyman in 1197 and took refuge in Constantinople[101]. He was baptised into Christianity in Constantinople, Emperor Alexios III standing as godfather. After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins, Kay Khusraw sought refuge with Mavrozomes whose daughter he married[102]. He reconquered Konya in 1205 from his nephew Sultan Kilic Arslan III[103]. Abul-Feda records that "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou, fils de Kilidj-Arslan obtient la souverainté du pays d'Er-Roum" in A.H. 601 (1204/05) after a period in exile, first in Aleppo "auprès d'El-Malec ed-Daher" and afterwards in Constantinople, after his brother had seized the throne[104]. The Chronicle attributed to King Hethum II records that "Xosrov-Shah the sultan of Iconium and son of Kilij Arslan took Berdous from the Armenians and seized its lord, Grigor, Lewon's son" in [29 Jan 1208/27 Jan 1209][105]. He favoured the claim of Theodoros Laskaris to establish himself at Nikaia following the 1204 fall of Constantinople[106]. Together with ex-Emperor Alexios III, who had sought refuge with the Sultan, Kay Khusraw attacked Nikaia and defeated Emperor Theodoros Laskaris but was killed in pursuit of the enemy[107]. Abul-Feda records that "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou" captured "Antalia, ville appurtenant aux Grecs et située sur le bord de la mer" in A.H. 603 (1206/07)[108]. The Chronicle attributed to King Hethum II records that "Lascari battled against the sultan of Iconium in Xonas, and the sultan was killed" in [28 Jan 1209/27 Jan 1210][109]. Abul-Feda records that "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou prince de l'Asie Mineure" was killed in A.H. 607 (1210/11) by "El-Askeri"[110]. m (1203) --- Mavrozomissa, daughter of MANUEL Mavrozomes-Komnenos & his wife ---. Her marriage is confirmed by Niketas Choniates who names "Iconii Sultano Caichoaroe" and "Manueli Maurozomæ illius socero"[111]. Sultan Kay Khusraw I had three children:

a) IZZ ed-DIN KAY KAWUS (-Dec 1220). Abul-Feda records that "son fils Cai-Caous" succeeded on the death of "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou prince de l'Asie Mineure" in A.H. 607 (1210/11)[112]. His father installed him at Malatya, and after his father died in 1211 he was chosen to succeed as KAY KAWUS I Seljuk Sultan of Rum, but was opposed by his brother Kay Qubadh[113]. The Chronicle attributed to King Hethum II records that "Azetin Gagazuz" succeeded as sultan after the previous sultan was killed in [28 Jan 1209/27 Jan 1210], but does not state the relationship between the two[114]. Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 610 (1213/14) "Eizz ed-Din Cai-Caous souverain du pays d'Er-Roum" captured and killed "son oncle Toghril-Chah" and seized his lands[115]. The Chronicle attributed to King Hethum II records that "Sultan Kakauz" besieged "Kapan fortress" in [27 Jan 1216/25 Jan 1217] and captured "the prince of the Armenians, Kostandin the Constable…the senior paron and Kostandin, son of the lord of Lambron, and Kyr Sahak lord of Maghvay, and others", and that in [26 Jan 1218/25 Jan 1219] "king Lewon gave the sultan the fortresses of Loulon and Lauzada as the prince for freeing his imprisoned princes"[116]. Abul-Feda records the death of "Cai-Caous, fils de Cai-Khosrou et surnommé El-Malec el-Ghaleb Eizz ed-Din" in A.H. 616 (1219/20)[117].

b) ALA al-DIN KAY QUBADH (-31 May 1237). Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 609 (1212/13) "un frère de Cai-Caous…Cai-Kobad" took "Ancyre" from his brother, but that Kay-Kawus recaptured the town and imprisoned Kay Qubadh[118]. His father installed him at Tokat, but he opposed his brother after their father died, and was sent "to honourable imprisonment at Minşar in the province of Malatya, or at Höyük near Sivas"[119]. He succeeded in 1220 as KAY QUBADH I Seljuk Sultan of Rum.

- see below.

c) KAY FARIDUN IBRAHIM . His father installed him at [Antalya][120].

3. RUKN al-DIN SULAYMAN-SHAH (-1204). He received Tokat under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][121]. On the death of his brother Qutb al-Din, he conquered all of the latter's territories, in 1197 captured Konya from his brother Sultan Kay Khusraw, succeeding as SÜLEYMAN II Seljuk Sultan of Rum, captured Niksar and Amasya, Malatya in 1201 and Ankara in 1204[122]. Abul-Feda records that "le prince Cai-Khosrou" lost the town of Iconium to "Rocn ed-Din Soleiman, un autre de ses frères"[123]. Abul-Feda records that "au mois de ramadan" in A.H. 598 (Jun 1201) "Rocn ed-Din Soleiman, fils de Kilidj-Arslan" captured Malatiya from "son frère Kaisar-Chah", and Erzerum from "Mohammed Ibn Saltok"[124]. Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 600 (1203/04) of "Rocn ed-Din Soleiman, fils de Kilidj-Arslan et sultan du pays d'Er-Roum", and the succession of "son fils Kilidj Arslan…encore en bas âge"[125]. Sultan Süleyman II had one child:

a) KILIC ARSLAN (-1205). Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 600 (1203/04) of "Rocn ed-Din Soleiman, fils de Kilidj-Arslan et sultan du pays d'Er-Roum", and the succession of "son fils Kilidj Arslan…encore en bas âge"[126]. He succeeded his father in 1204 as KILIC ARSLAN III Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Abul-Feda records that "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou, fils de Kilidj-Arslan" deposed his nephew in A.H. 601 (1204/05) and seized the throne[127]. Sultan Kilic Arslan III had one child:

i) son .

4. NASIR al-DIN BERK YARUK-SHAH . He received Niksar under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][128].

5. MUGHITH al-DIN TOGRIL-SHAH (-[1213/14] or 1225). He received Elbistan under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][129]. He was attacked by his brother Qutb al-Din in the winter of 1194/95 but escaped defeat with the help of Leon II Lord of the Mountains[130]. Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 609 (1212/13) "Toghril-Chah fils de Kilidj-Arslan et prince d'Erzeroum" besieged "son neveu Cai-Caous dans Siouas", but withdrew after "El-Malec el-Achref, fils d'El-Adel" came to his aid[131]. The Chronicle of Abu'I-Feda records that "le prince d'Arzen Erroum…Mogits-eddin Thoghril-chah, fils de Kilidj-Arslan…des rois seldjoukides" arranged the marriage of his son to the Georgian queen, which if correctly dated as shown below helps to set the date of Mugith's death[132]. The History of Ibn-Alathir records that "le prince dArzen-Erroum Moghits-eddin Thogril, fils de Kilidj-Arslan", who had sent "son fils aux Géorgiens" to marry their queen, died in AH 622 (1225)[133]. This is contradicted by Abul-Feda who records that in A.H. 610 (1213/14) "Eizz ed-Din Cai-Caous souverain du pays d'Er-Roum" captured and killed "son oncle Toghril-Chah" and seized his lands[134]. One child:

a) son . The Chronicle of Abu'I-Feda records that "le prince d'Arzen Erroum…Mogits-eddin Thoghril-chah, fils de Kilidj-Arslan…des rois seldjoukides" sent ambassadors to Georgia to request the marriage of "son fils" and "leur reine", which was accepted after he agreed that his son would convert to Christianity[135]. The History of Ibn-Khaldoun records that the Sultan released "un fils du prince d'Arzen-Erroum", who had married "Roussoudan", after he conquered Georgia, that he returned to Georgia but found "Roussoudan remariée"[136]. m (before 1225) [as her second husband,] RUSUDAN I Queen of Georgia, daughter of DAVIT Soslan of Ossetia & his wife Thamar I Queen of Georgia (1195-Tbilisi [1244/47], bur Gelati, St George's Cathedral). The History of Ibn-Alathir records that "le prince d'Arzen Erroum…Mogits-eddin Thoghril-chah, fils de Kilidj-Arslan…des rois seldjoukides" sent ambassadors to Georgia to request the marriage of "son fils" and "leur reine", which was accepted after he agreed that his son would convert to Christianity[137]. The date of the marriage is pinpointed by the History of Ibn-Alathir which in a later passage records the death in AH 622 (1225) of "le prince dArzen-Erroum Moghits-eddin Thogril, fils de Kilidj-Arslan", who had sent "son fils aux Géorgiens" to marry their queen[138]. The same source then recounts that "la reine géorgienne aimait un de ses esclaves", with whom her husband found her asleep "sur le meme tapis", that she sent her husband to another town under guard, and brought "deux hommes qu'on lui avait vantés à cause de leur belle figure" from "le pays des Alains", one of whom she married but deserted for "un homme de Guendjeh…musulman" who refused to convert to Christianity[139]. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records the marriage of Queen Rusudan and "le fils d'Orthoul" by whom she had "une fille…Thamar…[et] un fils…David"[140].

6. NUR al-DIN MAHMUD SULTAN-SHAH (-killed winter 1193/94). He received Sivas under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][141]. Abul-Feda records that "Kotb ed-Din Malec-Chah", oldest son of "Eizz ed-Din Kilidj Arslan sultan d'Icone", attacked his brother "Nour ed-Din Soltan-Chah, seigneur de Césarée"[142]. He was put to death by his brother Qutb al-Din who attacked Kayseri in the winter of 1193/94[143].

7. MU'IZZ al-DIN QAYSAR-SHAH . Abul-Feda records that "Moizz ed-Din Kaisar-Chah, fils de Kilidj Arslan souverain du pays des Roum" sought refuge with sultan Salah ed-Din in A.H. 588 (1192/93), after one of his brothers had dispossessed him of the town of Malatiya, which he had received under the division of territories made by his father[144]. He received Malatya under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][145]. m ([1192/93]) ---, daughter of El MALIK el-ADIL. Abul-Feda records that "Moizz ed-Din Kaisar-Chah, fils de Kilidj Arslan souverain du pays des Roum" married "sa niece [of Sultan Salah ed-Din], la fille d'El-Malec el-Adel" in A.H. 588 (1192/93)[146].

8. ARSLAN-SHAH . He received Niğde under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][147].

9. MUHYI al-DIN MAS'UD-SHAH (-killed 1204). He received Ankara under the division of territories organised by his father in [1186/87][148]. He was killed by his brother Süleyman II Seljuk Sultan of Rum, who captured Ankara in 1204[149].

10. son . Abul-Feda records that "Eizz ed-Din Kilidj Arslan sultan d'Icone" died leaving ten sons[150]. The name of his tenth son has not yet been identified.

11. daughter . The Kamel-Altevarykh Chronicle records that "Nour-eddin Mohammed, fils de Kara-Arslan, fils de Daoud, prince d'Hisn-Keifa" married "une fille de…Kilidj-Arslan, fils de Massoud" but later fell in love with "une chanteuse", married her, and neglected his first wife[151]. m NUR ed-Din MOHAMMED, son of FAKHR ed-Din KARA ARSLAN (-[1185/86]).

ALA al-DIN KAY QUBADH, son of Kay KHUSRAW I Seljuk Sultan of Rum (-31 May 1237). Abul-Feda records that in A.H. 609 (1212/13) "un frère de Cai-Caous…Cai-Kobad" took "Ancyre" from his brother, but that Kay-Kawus recaptured the town and imprisoned Kay Qubadh[152]. He succeeded in 1220 as KAY QUBADH I Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Abul-Feda records that "son frère Cai-Kobad" succeeded on the death of "Cai-Caous, fils de Cai-Khosrou et surnommé El-Malec el-Ghaleb Eizz ed-Din" in A.H. 616 (1219/20)[153]. He conquered southern coastal areas opposite the island of Cyprus, around Kalonoros (renamed Alaiye) and Silifke, led expeditions across the Black Sea to Crimea, and annexed the principality of Erzincan[154]. Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 634 ([1236/37]) of "Ala ed-Din Cai Kobad souverain du pays d'Er-Roum", adding that "son fils Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou" succeeded him[155].

m ---, daughter of KIR FARID, Greek Lord of Kalonoros. The mother of Sultan Kay Khusraw II was Greek, her father being Kir Farid former lord of Kalonoros[156].

Sultan Kay Qubadh I had four children:

1. GHIYATH al-DIN KAY KHUSRAW (-1256). Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 634 ([1236/37]) of "Ala ed-Din Cai Kobad souverain du pays d'Er-Roum", adding that "son fils Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou" succeeded him[157]. The mother of Sultan Kay Khusraw II was his father's Greek wife[158]. He succeeded his father in 1237 as KAY KHUSRAW II Seljuk Sultan of Rum. Hethum the Historian's History records that "Kiadati…had in his service among others a group of Latins led by two commanders…Yohannes Liminad from Cyprus and…Vonipakios from Venice", but was defeated by the Mongols "at Konsedrak", after which the country was conquered in 1244[159]. Abul-Feda records that the Tartars conquered the lands of "Ghiath ed-Din Cai-Khosrou le seldjoukide" in A.H. 641 (1243/44)[160]. The Chronicle attributed to King Hethum II records that "the forces of sultan Xiwtatin [Kaykhusraw] besieged Arus" in [20 Jan 1245/19 Jan 1246][161]. Abul-Feda records the death in A.H. 654 (1256/57) of "Cai-Khosrou souverain du pays d'Er-Roum"[162]. m firstly