In the early 13th century, the territory later known as Lithuania consisted of different regions each ruled by a different duke: Nalšia, Deltuva and Upitè in Aukštaitija (Upper Lithuania), and Ceklis, Karšuva and Kretuva in Žemaitija (Lower Lithuania, also called Samogitia, in the north-west). In 1219, twenty princes and dukes, and one duchess, from Aukštaitija concluded a peace treaty with the Romanovichi of Galich-Volynia, the earliest agreement involving Lithuanian leaders which survives. The leaders of three Lithuanian clans (see Chapter 1) were recognised as senior by the other princes and between them created the office of Grand Duke or rex de Owsteiten, the term used by the Teutonic Knights. Žemaitija remained divided among many different lords, who acknowledged the overlordship of the Grand Duke. Lithuania became an indissoluble union after 1422[1].

The main sources for Lithuanian history are the three redactions of the Lithuanian Chronicles, all written in Old Church Slavonic. The first was compiled in the 1420s but exists today only in later transcriptions and compilations. A Latin translation of the first redaction, "Origo regis Jagyelo et Witholdi ducum Lithuaniæ", was made in the 15th century[2]. A transcript of this document is available in a Russian language website on the web[3]. Extracts from this have been included in the present document ("Origo regis Jagyelo"), but the transcript is surprisingly short and it has been impossible to judge its completeness or accuracy because of lack of Russian language skills. The second redaction was compiled in the first half of the 16th century, adds a legendary story relating to the alleged foundation of the Lithuanian state in the 1st century, but ignores Mindaugas first king of Lithuania and other early historically attested dukes in its narrative of subsequent Lithuanian history[4]. The third is known only from the 16th century Bychowiec Chronicle, discovered in 1830 and considered one of the least reliable sources of the epoch but also the most complete redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicle[5]. It was published in 1907 in the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles[6]. A genealogy of the descendants of Gedymin Grand Duke of Lithuania is included in Europäische Stammtafeln[7]. Presumably it is based on extracts from different redactions of the Lithuanian Chronicle but this is not known with certainty as the bibliography lists only Polish and German secondary sources, published between 1959 and 1976, which have not been consulted. This Europäische Stammtafeln version has been used as the basis for the structure of the present document but, considering the unreliability of the original primary sources, it should be viewed with some caution.

The primary sources which confirm the parentage and marriages of members of these Lithuanian families have not yet been identified, unless otherwise indicated in this document.

-aitis/aitè, -aičiai/-aitès.

Grand Duke = didysis kunigaikštis/velikii kniaz

Chapter 1. 13th Century LITHUANIA

A. DYNASTY of RINGAUDAS

RINGAUDAS [1219], DAUSPRUNGAS -1238, MINDAUGAS 1238-1263, TRENIOTA 1263-1265, VAIŠVILKAS 1265-1267, ŠVARNAS 1267-1268, DAUMANTAS 1282-1285

RINGAUDAS, son of --- (-after 1219). He was recognised [after 1219] as RINGAUDAS first Grand Duke of Lithuania.

m ---. The name of Ringaudas's wife is not known.

Ringaudas & his wife had four children:

1. DAUSPRUNGAS (-[1238]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded Živinbudas [after 1219] as DAUSPRUNGAS Grand Duke of Lithuania. m ---. The name of Dausprungas's wife is not known. Dausprungas & his wife had one child:

a) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ---. One child:

i) DAUMANTAS [Dovmont] (-1285). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in [1282] as DAUMANTAS Grand Duke of Lithuania. He died on campaign in north-east Rus[8].

2. MINDAUGAS [Mindovg] (-murdered 1263). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his brother in 1238 as MINDAUGAS Grand Duke of Lithuania. In response to pressures from the Knights of the Teutonic Order, he unified, defended and expanded Lithuanian territory[9]. The Lithuanians attacked Polotsk from [1240/45], and by the early 1250s the western part of Polotsk was recognised as Lithuanian territory under the terms of a truce concluded by his son Vaišvilkas[10]. The Catholic baptism of Mindaugas was organised by Andreas von Stirland, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, in 1251. In 1253 Pope Innocent IV sent him a royal crown, and he was crowned by Bishop Heinrich, the papal representative, styling himself thereafter "Myndowe Dei gratia rex Lettowie"[11]. He entered an alliance with Daniil King of Galich to fight the Mongols, sealed by their marriage of his daughter with Daniil's son. However, Mindovg abandoned Daniil when relations with the Mongols deteriorated and arrested his son Roman who had been installed at Novgorodok, whereupon Daniil launched an attack against Lithuania with the Mongols[12]. He repudiated Christianity in 1361 and expelled Christians from Lithuania. He was murdered by Daumentas of Nalšia, acting for Treniota, nephew of Mindaugas[13]. The murder is reported in the Novgorod Chronicle which says that Grand Duke Mindaugas was "killed by his own relatives who conspired without anybody's knowledge"[14]. The Annales Capituli Cracovienses record that "Mendoch rex Lytwanonum" was killed in 1263[15]. m MORTA, daughter of ---. She protected the mission clergy in Lithuania after her husband repudiated Christianity[16]. Mindaugas & his wife had two children:

a) VAIŠVILKAS [Voyshelk] (-murdered 9 Dec 1267). The Annales Capituli Cracovienses name "Woysalk filium ipsius Mndog regis" when recording that he and "Theophilum" killed "Stroynat princeps Lithuanonum" who had killed his father Grand Duke Mindaugas[17]. He captured Novgorodok by 1254, was baptised, became a monk and founded a convent outside the city. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, he went to Mount Sinai where he was "shorn into the monastic order" and remained three years before returning to Lithuania and his father who tried to persuade him to renounce his faith[18]. After his father was murdered, he abandoned the religious life to avenge him[19]. The Novgorod Chronicle says that Voyshelk "vowed himself to God for three years when he should resume his gown but did not leave the monastic order"[20]. He succeeded his cousin in 1265 as VAIŠVILKAS Grand Duke of Lithuania. He returned to monastic life in 1267, appointing his brother-in-law as his successor. He was murdered by Lev King of Galich, brother of his successor, because he had not been named ruler of Lithuania[21]. The Annales Polononum record that "dux Leo filius Danielis regis Rusie" killed "Woyslaum filium Mendogi ducis Lithwanonum" in 1267[22].

b) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (1255) SHVARN [Ioann] Daniilovich Prince of Kholm, son of DANIIL Romanovich Prince [later King] of Galich & his first wife Anna Mstislavna of Novgorod (-murdered 1269, bur Kholm). He succeeded his father in 1264 as SHVARN King of Galich. He succeeded in 1267 as ŠVARNAS Grand Duke of Lithuania.

3. daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m ---. One child:

a) TRENIOTA (-murdered 1265). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his uncle in 1263 as TRENIOTA Grand Duke of Lithuania.

4. son. The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. m ---. Two children:

a) TOWTIWILL . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. same person as …? TOWTIWILL [Tovtivil] (-murdered Polotsk 1263). Prince of Polotsk. "The good Knyaz Tovtivil of Polotsk" was killed by "the murderers of Grand Duke Mindaugas" according to the Novgorod Chronicle[23]. m ---. The name of Towtiwill's wife is not known. Towtiwill & his wife had one child:

i) son . The Novgorod Chronicle, in the same paragraph reporting his father's murder, says that the murderers "called on the people of Polotsk to kill Tovtivil's son too, and he escaped to Novgorod with his men"[24].

b) daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. m (before 1252) as his second wife, DANIIL Romanovich Prince of Galich, son of ROMAN Mstislavich Prince of Galich, Grand Prince of Kiev & his second wife --- ([1201/02]-1264). He styled himself DANIIL King [korol] of Galich from 1253.

1. DAUMANTAS [Dovmont] (-1285 or 1299[25]). Prince of Nalšia. Implicated in the murder of Grand Duke Mindaugas, he fled to Russia where he settled at Pskov in 1265[26]. He was baptised as TIMOFEI. In 1266, he was installed as Prince of Pskov[27], from where he attacked Polotsk, then ruled by the Lithuanian Erden whose wife (who was the aunt of Daumantas) he captured[28]. The Novgorod Chronicle says that he "took Gerden's Knyaginya" but does not refer to her relationship to Daumantas. It also does not specify that the expedition was against Polotsk, merely "against the pagan Lithuanians"[29]. He built up the defences of the city of Pskov against the Teutonic knights and founded several churches to commemorate his victories. After his death he was revered as a saint at Pskov[30]. m (after 1282) MARIA Dmitrievna of Vladimir, daughter of DMITRY I Aleksandrovich Grand Prince of Vladimir & his wife --- (-1300). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, Prince Dmitry's "two daughters" were taken to Novgorod from Koporya as hostages in 1282, which dates Maria's marriage to after this date [31]. Daumantas & his wife had one possible child:

a) [DAVID [Davydko] (-killed 1326). According to 16th century sources, David was the son of Daumantas, but Rowell is sceptical[32]. Military commander [starost] of Grand Duke Gediminas based at Grodno. He was elected Prince (military commandant) of Pskov in 1322[33]. He led a joint Lithuanian/Polish attack on Frankfurt-an-der-Oder in [Feb/Mar] 1326 as part of the response to papal calls to attack the margravate of Brandenburg[34]. He was killed on their march home by a Polish knight appalled at the slaughter of Christians by the pagan Lithuanians[35]. [m (before 1319) --- of Lithuania, daughter of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his [first] wife [Wida ---] . According to Rowell, "the assertion made by Stryjkowski that David was the son-in-law of Gediminas has no support from the sources extant today"[36].]]

later Princes of Pskov[37]:

Aleksandr Mikhailovich 1330-1337 (Lithuanian)

Aleksandr Vsevolodovich 1341, 1342

Algirdas 1341 (Lithuanian)

Andrei Algirdaitis 1343, 1350, 1377 (Lithuanian)

Yury Vitovtovich 1341, 1349 (Lithuanian)

Vassily Budivolna 1357

Ostafei 1358-1360

Aleksandr 1368

Matfei 1375

Grigory Ostafevich 1397-1399

Ivan Andreevich 1400 (Lithuanian)

B. DYNASTY of KENTAURAS

ŽIVINBUDAS [1219], TRAIDENIS 1270-1282

ŽIVINBUDAS, son of --- (-after 1219). He succeeded Ringaudas [after 1219] as ŽIVINBUDAS Grand Duke of Lithuania.

m ---. The name of Živinbudas's wife is not known.

Živinbudas & his wife had five children:

1. TRAIDENIS [Troiden] (-[1282]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded in [1270] as TRAIDENIS Grand Duke of Lithuania. A strong ruler, he repulsed the Teutonic Order and traded with both Rus and Livonia. He never converted to Christianity[38]. [m (1238) LUDMIŁA of Poland, daughter of KONRAD I Prince of Mazovia, Kujavia, Sieradz and Łęczyca [Piast] & his wife Agafia Sviatoslavna of Novgorod-Sieviersk [Rurikid] (1223-). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified.] Traidenis & his wife had one child:

a) GAUDAMANTÈ (-1288). The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. She was baptised ZOFIA. m (1279) as his first wife, BOLESŁAW Prince of Plock, son of SIEMOWIT I Prince of Mazovia [Piast] & his wife Pereiaslava Daniilovich of Galich (after 1251-20 Apr 1313). He succeeded his brother in 1294 as BOLESŁAW II Prince of Mazovia.

2. SIRPUTIS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He and his brothers, with the exception of Traidenis, were Christian[39].

3. SVILKENIS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

4. BORZA . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

5. LESIS . The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

C. DYNASTY of DAUJOTAS

1. DAUJOTAS (-after 1219). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

2. VILIKAILA (-after 1219). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

Chapter 2. GRAND DUKES of LITHUANIA, DYNASTY of PUKUVERAS

This family originated in Aukštaitija, but its origins are unknown. Two manuscripts of the Russian prose-poem Zadonshchina refer to the grandsons of Grand Duke Gediminas as great grandsons [pravnuki] of SKOLOMEND/Skoldimer, and Rowell speculates that this could refer to a more remote ancestor. A 16th century genealogy alleges that the family originated in Ukmergè [Vilkmergé/Wilkomierz], a fortified centre in eastern Lithuania[40].

A. ORIGINS, GRAND DUKES of LITHUANIA 1282-1315

PUKUVERAS 1282-1295, VYTENIS 1295-1315

Two brothers, origins unknown.

1. BUTIGEIDAS . 1289.

2. PUKUVERAS [Budividas] (-1295). He succeeded in 1282 as PUKUVERAS Grand Duke of Lithuania, at Birngala. m ---. The name of Pukuveras's wife is not known. Pukuveras & his wife had four children:

a) VYTENIS [Witen/Woin] (-[Sep 1315/1316]). His first recorded appearance in the Prussian chronicle record is in 1292 when his father sent him on campaign against the Teutonic Knights[41]. He succeeded his father in 1295 as VYTENIS Grand Duke of Lithuania. The war between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights intensified in the 1290s after the Prussian and Livonian tribes had capitulated. In 1298, Grand Duke Vytenis sent Lithuanian troops to defend Riga against attacks by the Teutonic Order, at the request of the Archbishop of Riga[42]. He acquired Polotsk 1307 on the extinction of the Riurikid princes there. By this time, Lithuanian territory also encompassed Minsk, Pinsk and Turov[43]. His last recorded appearance is in an account of a Lithuanian raid against Prussia in Sep 1315[44]. m ---. The name of Vytenis's wife is not known. Vytenis & his wife had one child:

i) SWALEGOTE (-after 1309). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified.

b) GEDIMINAS [Gedymin] ([1260]-killed in battle [late 1341/early 1342]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He succeeded his brother in [1315/16] as GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania.

- see below, Part B. GRAND PRINCES of LITHUANIA.

c) VOIN Davydko (-[1333/35]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Prince of Polotsk in 1326. He and his brother Gediminas concluded a peace treaty with Novgorod in 1326[45]. He was succeeded by his first cousin Narimantas, appointed Prince of Polotsk by his father Grand Duke Gediminas[46]. m ---. The name of Voin's wife is not known. Voin & his wife had one child:

i) LIUBKO (-1342). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Prince of Polotsk.

d) FËDOR (-after 1362). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. He was installed as Prince of Kiev by his brother Grand Duke Gediminas after the city was captured by Lithuania in 1323[47]. He was replaced as prince in 1362 by Vladimir, son of Algirdas of Lithuania[48].

B. GRAND DUKES of LITHUANIA 1315-1432

GEDIMINAS 1315-1341, JAUNUTAS 1341-1345

GEDIMINAS [Gedymin], son of PUKUVERAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & his wife --- ([1260]-killed in battle [late 1341/early 1342]). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. His base was in north-west Lithuania at the castle of Gedimin-Burg in Pograuden[49]. He succeeded his brother in 1315 as GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania. He styled himself "Gedeminne Dei Gratia Letwinorum et multorum Ruthenorum Rex". He transferred his main residence to Vilnius before Jan 1323, building two castles there as well as Catholic and Orthodox churches to serve foreign merchants and artisans[50]. He expanded Lithuanian hegemony over large parts of western Rus, acquiring Viterbsk in 1318 by marrying his son Algirdas to the heiress of the last prince, Volynia and Kiev by conquest in 1323, Minsk in 1326, and later Turov and Pinsk[51]. Conflicts with the Teutonic Knights continued from the start of Gediminas's reign with frequent attacks on Žemaitija, until Gediminas offered peace in 1322, a four year peace treaty being signed 2 Oct 1323 at Vilnius and ratified by the pope 31 Aug 1324[52]. Although he wrote to Pope John XXII in 1322 announcing his readiness to welcome the Catholic faith to Lithuania, he refused baptism when the papal legates arrived in Vilnius in 1324[53]. In 1330 he began a major assault against Prussia, burning Osterode to the ground[54]. Prince of Poland 1333. Lithuania occupied Volynia in 1340[55]. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, Gediminas died in "the same winter" of the year in which Khan Uzbek died[56].

[m firstly WIDA, daughter of WIDMUND.]

[m secondly OLGA Vsevolodovna, daughter of VSEVOLOD of Smolensk.]

[m thirdly IEVNA [Eva] Ivanovna, daughter of IVAN Vsevolodich Prince of Polotzk (-[1345]). According to Rowell, "the tradition that Gediminas had two wives, one of whom was Orthodox (Eva, mother of Grand Duke Jaunutis) has no solid basis"[57]. Her date of death is suggested by an interpolation in the third redaction of the Lithuanian Chronicle[58].]

Gediminas & his [---] wife had [fourteen] children:

1. MANVIDAS [Montovid] (-[1342]). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "primus et senior Montiwid" to whom his father gave "Bernow et Slonym"[59]. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Kernavè [Kirnovo] and Slonim on the death of the former[60].

2. NARIMANTAS [Narimont] (-killed in battle Strèva 2 Feb 1348). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "secundus Narimuth" to whom his father gave "Pynsk"[61]. His father installed him as Prince of Polotsk in [1333/35], in succession to his uncle Voin[62]. He was baptised GLEB in 1333. Starost of Grodno. Prince of Novogrodek. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Pinsk on the death of the former[63]. When his brother Jaunutis was deposed as Grand Duke in 1345, Narimantas sought refuge with the Mongols but returned in [1347][64] and fought in the army of Grand Duke Algirdas.

- see below, Part C. DESCENDANTS of NARIMANTAS.

3. [daughter . The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. According to Rowell, "the assertion made by Stryjkowski that David was the son-in-law of Gediminas has no support from the sources extant today"[65]. m (before 1319) DAVID Starost at Grodno, son of [DAUMANTAS Prince of Nalšia & his wife ---] (-killed 1326). Military commander of Grand Duke Gediminas based at Grodno. He was elected Prince (military commandant) of Pskov in 1322.]

4. ALGIRDAS [Olgierd] (-end May 1377). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "tercius Olgerth, pater domini regis" to whom his father gave "Crewa"[66]. He succeeded in 1345 as ALGIRDAS Grand Duke of Lithuania.

- see below.

5. JAUNUTIS [Evnuty] (-1366). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "quartus Iwenynti", adding that "Yewyntham" was located "in Wilna in Magno ducatu"[67]. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Vilnius on the death of the former in 1341, and succeeded as JAUNUTIS Grand Duke of Lithuania[68]. The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "dux autem magnus Kyerstruki" entered Vilna, that "dux…magnus Jewynthi" fled to the mountains, and that Kestutis summoned "fratrem suum seniorem ducem Olgerth" to succeed as Grand Duke, the latter granting "Zaslaw" to Jaunutis[69]. He was removed as Grand Duke by his brother Kestutis, imprisoned in Vilnius castle, but escaped to Smolensk and sought refuge with his brother-in-law in Moscow where he was baptised IOANN [Ivan] 25 Nov 1345[70]. He returned from exile in Moscow in 1347 and was installed at Zaslavl [Isiaslavl], in the principality of Minsk, by his brother Grand Duke Algirdas[71]. m ---. The name of Jaunutis´s wife is not known. Jaunutis & his wife had [three] children:

a) [FËDOR .]

b) SEMËN . 1386.

c) MIKHAIL (-killed in battle 12 Aug 1399). Prince of Isiaslavl. m ---. Ancestors of the Princes Iaslavski and Mstislavski.

6. KESTUTIS [Kiejstut] (-murdered 15 Aug 1382). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "quintus Kyestuti, pater domini magni ducis Wythowdi" to whom his father gave "Troky, Coriatho Nowogrodek"[72]. He was baptised ALEKSANDER. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Trakai in western Lithuania (in whose castle he established his base) and the Grand Duchy of Žemaitija.

- see below, Part D. DESCENDANTS of KESTUTIS.

7. KARIJOTAS [Koriat] (-after 1358). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "sextus Koriath"[73]. He was baptised MIKHAEL. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Novogorodok on the death of the former[74]. Prince of Novogorodok and Volkowijsk. m ---. The name of Karijotas´s wife is not known. Karijotas & his wife had seven children:

a) ALEKSANDR (-1380). Prince of Podolsk and Novogorodok 1375. m his first cousin, --- Semënovna, daughter of SEMËN Ivanovich "Gordiy/the Proud" Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his first wife Aigusta [Anastasia] of Lithuania .

b) KONSTANTIN (-[1390]). Prince of Podolsk and Novogorodok 1385. Ancestor of the Princes Koryatowicz and Kurczewicz.

c) IURII [Jerzy] (-1374). Prince of Podolsk 1362/74. Pretender to the throne of Moldavia. m ANASTASIA of Moldavia, daughter of IOLATCU Voivode of Moldavia (-26 Jan or [20 May] 1420). Iurii & his wife had two children:

i) IUGA Zurzevic . 1392.

ii) ANA (-1418). m ([1405]) as his second wife, ALEXANDRU Cel Bun Voivoide of Moldavia ([1375]-[1430/31]).

d) FËDOR (-after 1416). Prince of Podolsk and Novogorodok [1392]. After, Prince of Ujgorod and Munkacz (in Hungary). m ---. The name of Fëdor´s wife is not known. Fëdor & his wife had two children:

i) ANNA . 1416.

ii) MARIA . 1416.

e) LEV (-1399).

f) VASSILI . 1403.

g) DMITRI (-12 Aug 1399). Prince of Volynia and Bobrek. m (1356) LIUBA Ivanovna of Vladimir, daughter of IVAN II Ivanovich "Krotkiy/the Beauty" Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his second wife Aleksandra Vasilievna Veliaminova . She adopted the name ANNA on her marriage.

8. LIUBARTAS [Lubart] (-1384). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "septimus Lubarth"[75]. He was baptised DMITRY. He took control of Volynia in 1340 after the assassination of Bołeslaw Jerzy of Mazovia Prince of Galich[76], directly challenging Kazimierz III King of Poland who had invaded Galich and who was obliged to recognise Lithuanian rights to the area in 1345[77]. Liubartas apparently received no further land under the division of territories organised by his father before he died[78]. In Sep 1349, King Kazimierz invaded Galich and captured Volynia, although he permitted Liubartas to retain Łuck[79]. According to the Novgorod Chronicle, he obtained Volynia "with a large force by deceit"[80]. Prince of Vladimir-Volhynsk and Luck [1379]. m firstly ([1320]) EUFEMIA [Offa] Vladimirovna, daughter of VLADIMIR Mstislavich Prince of Volhynia & his wife --- (-1349). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "septimus Lubarth" who married "dux wladimiriensis…filiam" who brought him "Luczko et terram dictam Volnyczska"[81]. This marriage was arranged to increase the dynasty's influence in south-west Rus[82]. m secondly (after 1349) OLGA Konstantinovna, daughter of KONSTANTIN III Vassilievich Prince of Rostov & his wife Maria Ivanovna of Moscow. Liubartas & his second wife had three children:

a) FËDOR ([1351]-Aug 1431). Prince of Vladimir in Volhynia and Luck.

b) LAZAR .

c) SEMËN .

9. MARIA ([1305]-1348). She retired to a convent at Tver after her husband was killed[83]. m (1320) DMITRY Mikhailovich "Groznye Otchi/Menacing Eyes" Prince of Tver, son of MIKHAIL Iaroslavich Grand Prince of Vladimir & his wife Anna Dmitrievna of Rostov (15 Oct 1299-executed [Sarai] 15 Sep 1325). He succeeded in 1322 as DMITRY Grand Prince of Vladimir.

10. DANNILA ([1306]-1364). Her marriage was arranged to confirm her father's alliance with Prince Waclaw in the Mazovian civil war[84]. She was baptised ELŻBIETA. m (before 6 Dec 1320, maybe 1316[85]) WACŁAW Prince of Plock, son of BOLESŁAW II Prince of Mazovia [Piast] & his second wife Kunigunde of Bohemia ([1293]-23 May 1336).

11. ALDONA ([1309/10]-26 May 1339). Her marriage was arranged to confirm the Lithuanian/Polish alliance 1324/25. She was baptised ANNA 30 Apr 1325. Although she had a reputation for piety after her conversion, some were scandalised by her devotion to music, cymbals being played before her in procession[86]. m (16 Oct 1325) as his first wife, KAZIMIERZ Prince of Poland, son of WŁADYSŁAW I "Łokietek/the Short" King of Poland & his wife Jadwiga of Poland (30 Apr 1310-Krakow 5 Nov 1370, bur Krakow Cathedral). He succeeded his father in 1333 as KAZIMIERZ III "Wielki/the Great" King of Poland.

12. GAUDEMUNDA ([1316]-murdered near Zawichost 5 Feb 1342). She was baptised EUFEMIA. She was drowned under the ice in River Vistula[87]. m (betrothed 1324, Plock Cathedral 1331) BOLESŁAW JERZY Prince of Galich and Vladimir in Volynia, son of TROJDEN I Prince of Czersk [Piast] & his wife Maria Iurievna of Galich (before 1313-murdered 7 Apr 1340).

13. AIGUSTA (-11 Mar 1345). She was baptised ANASTASIA. Her marriage was arranged to confirm a truce in relations between Lithuania and Moscow[88]. Died as a nun. m (1333) SEMËN Ivanovich of Vladimir, son of IVAN I Daniilovich "Kalita/Moneybags" Grand Prince of Vladimir & his first wife Elena --- (1316-21 Apr 1353). He succeeded his father in 1340 as SEMËN "Gordiy/the Proud" Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow.

14. [89]daughter . m ANDREI Mstislavich of Kozelsk, son of MSTISLAV Mikhailovich of Karachev & his wife --- (-1339).

ALGIRDAS 1345-1377, ŠVITRIGAILA 1430-1432

ALGIRDAS [Olgierd], son of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & [his second wife Olga Vsevolodovna of Smolensk] ([1296]-end May 1377). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "ducem magnum Lithuanie Gediminum" had seven sons, of whom "tercius Olgerth, pater domini regis" to whom his father gave "Crewa"[90]. He succeeded as Prince of Vitebsk on his first marriage[91]. Baptised ALEKSANDER. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Krèva and Vitebsk on the death of the former[92]. The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "dux autem magnus Kyerstruki" entered Vilna, that "dux…magnus Jewynthi" fled to the mountains, and that Kestutis summoned "fratrem suum seniorem ducem Olgerth" to succeed as ALGIRDAS Grand Duke of Lithuania[93]. Expanding his territories eastwards, he replaced the Khan of the Golden Horde as suzerain of the principalities of Chernigov, Pereiaslavl and Kiev[94]. Metropolitan Aleksei created a Russian Orthodox metropolitanate of Lithuania, with ecclesiastical responsibility over Lithuania, Kiev and western Chernigov, consecrating Roman --- (a relative of Olgierd's second wife) as its primate, although the two sees were reunified after the death of Roman in 1361[95].

m firstly (1318) [MARIA] Iaroslavna of Vitebsk, daughter of IAROSLAV Vasilievich Prince of Vitebsk (-1346).

m secondly ([1350]) IULIANA Aleksandrovna of Tver, daughter of ALEXANDER I Mikhailovich Prince of Tver, ex-Grand Prince of Vladimir & his wife Anastasia [Iurievna of Galich] ([1325]-1392).

Algirdas & his first wife had eight children:

1. ANDREI ([1319]-killed in battle 12 Aug 1399). He was baptised ANDREI in 1342, and installed by his father as Prince of Pskov[96]. Prince of Polotsk. He supported Dmitry Ivanovich Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir, against the Mongol Khan Mamai (who was supported by Andrei's half-brother Jagiello) in the battle of Kulikovo in 1380[97]. m ---. The name of Andrei´s wife is not known. Andrei & his wife had three children:

a) MIKHAEL (-1385).

b) SEMËN (-1387).

c) IVAN (-after 1437). of Pskov. m ---. The name of Ivan´s wife is not known. Ivan & his wife had one child:

i) ALEXANDER (-1442). of Pskov 1439.

2. KONSTANTIN (-[1386/30 Oct 1393]). Prince of Czartorysk.

- CZARTORYSKY.

3. OLEŁKO WŁODZIMIERZ (-1398). He was installed as Prince of Kiev in 1362, in succession to his paternal uncle Fëdor[98]. -1382. Prince of Kopylsk and Słuck 1395. m ---. The name of Olełko´s wife is not known. Olełko & his wife had four children:

a) daughter (-1396). m (1385) as his first wife, VASILY Mikhailovich Prince of Kashin and Krosnya, son of MIKHAIL Aleksandrovich Grand Prince of Tver & his wife Ievdokia Konstantinovna of Suzdal (-after 1426).

b) OLEŁKO ALEXANDER (-1454). Prince of Kiev 1441. Prince of Słuck. m (26 Aug 1417) ANASTASIA Vasilievna, daughter of VASILY I Dmitrievich Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his wife Sofia of Lithuania (-1470). Ancestors of the Princes Olełkowicz-Słucki. Olełko & his wife had three children:

i) SZYMON Prince Olełkovicz (-1471). Prince of Kiev. m MARIA Gasztold, daughter of ---.

(a) SOFIA Pss Olełkowicza (-6 Feb 1483). m (Winter 1471) MIKHAIL III Borisovich Grand Prince of Tver, son of BORIS Aleksandrovich Grand Prince of Tver & his second wife Anastasia Aleksandrovna of Suzdal (1453-before 1505).

(b) ALEXANDRA Pss Olełkowicza (-Apr 1515). m (1498) FEDOR Ioannovich Prince Iaroslavich, son of IOANN Vasilievich Prince Iaroslavich & his wife Ievdokia Worotyńska (-May 1521). Prince of Pinsk 1499.

ii) MICHAŁ Olełkowicz . He was chosen as ruler of Novgorod in 1470 after the city requested Kazimierz IV King of Poland for protection but within weeks left Novgorod[99].

iii) OVDOTIA [Eudokia] (-1467). m (1463) as his first wife, STEFAN III Voivode of Moldavia (-1504). No surviving children.

c) IWAN . 1422, 1446. m ([Feb 1422]) as her first husband, VASILISA Andreievna Pss Holyńskaya, daughter of ANDREI Prince Holyński. She married secondly Michał Prince Siemionowicz.

d) ANDREI (-[1457]). m MARIA, daughter of ---. Andrei & his wife had two children:

i) GLEB (-[1457]).

ii) EUDOKIA . m IVAN Rohatyński.

4. FEODOR (-before 1400). Prince of Ratno [Ratnie].

- SANGUSZKO.

5. [100]KORIBUTAS [Korybut] ([1331]-after 1404). Prince of Novgorod Severskiy [Nowogrodzko-Siewierski]. He was baptised DMITRY in 1386.

- WIESNIEWICKI.

6. FEODORA . m (after 1376) SVIATOSLAV Titovich Prince of Karachev, son of TIT Mstislavich Prince of Karachev & his wife ---.

7. daughter . m IVAN Iurievich Prince of Novosilsk and Odoievsk, son of IURII Romanovich Prince of Novosilsk & his wife --- (-after 1371).

8. MARIA [Agrafena] (-1393). m (1354) BORIS Konstantinovich Prince of Gorodeno, son of KONSTANTIN Vasilievich Grand Prince of Suzdal and Nizhni-Novgorod & his second wife Ielena --- (before 1340-12 May 1394). He succeeded his brother in 1383 as Grand Prince of Suzdal and Nizhni-Novgorod.

Algirdas & his second wife had twelve children:

9. KENNA ([1350]-27 Apr 1368). Her marriage was proposed by her future husband's maternal grandfather, Kazimierz III King of Poland, to strengthen the ties between Lithuania and Poland[101]. She was baptised as JOHANNA on her marriage. m (1360[102]) as his first wife, KASIMIR von Pommern, son of BOGISLAW V Duke of Pomerania in Hinterpommern & his first wife Elźbieta of Poland ([1351]-2 Jan 1377). He succeeded his father in 1373 as KASIMIR IV Duke of Pomerania in Stargard. No issue.

10. JOGAILA [Jagiello] ([1351]-1 Jun 1434). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "magnum ducem Olgerth" had twelve children, of whom he favoured "dux Jagello"[103]. Prince of Kiev 1377. He supported the Mongol Khan Mamai against Dmitry Ivanovich Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir, although his forces failed to arrive in time to help the Khan at the battle of Kulikovo in 1380[104]. Grand Prince of Lithuania 1382/3-1386 and 1392/1401. He succeeded as WŁADISŁAW II King of Poland 1386-1434, after which he focussed his attention on Poland leaving Lithuania to a viceroy[105].

- KINGS of POLAND.

11. SKIRGAILA [Skirgajllo] (-11 Jan 1397). The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "dux Jagello" granted "Poloczko" to "fratri suo Sergallo"[106]. He was baptised IVAN in [1383/84]. Prince of Troik 1382. Prince of Polock 1387. Prince of Kiev 1395. Prince of Lithuania 1386-1392.

12. LENGVENIS [Lingweni] ([1355]-after 19 Jun 1431). Prince of Mstislavsk. He was baptised SZYMON in 1386. m firstly (14 Jun 1394) MARIA Dmitrievna of Moscow, daughter of DMITRY Ivanovich "Donskoy" Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his wife Ievdokia Dmitrievna of Suzdal (-1399). m secondly (winter [1406/07]) ---, from Moscow. Lengvenis & his first wife had one child:

a) IURI Semenovich . Prince of Mstislavsk 1422-56. Prince of Novgorod 1433. m ---.

i) IVAN Iurievich (-before 1489). Prince of Mstislawsk. m JULIANA, daughter of --- (-before 1495).

(a) ANASTASIA Ivanovna (-after 1523). m (after 1496) SIEMION Prince Słucki (-1500).

(b) IULIANA Ivanovna (-after 1507). m (early 1499) MICHAŁ Prince Zasławski .

Lengvenis & his second wife had one child:

b) IAROSLAV FEDOR Semenovich (1410-1435).

13. KORIGAILA [Korigajllo] (-killed in battle Vilna 28 Oct 1392). He was baptised KAZIMIERZ in 1386.

14. WIGAND [Wigunt] (-28 Jun 1392). Prince of Kirnovo. He was baptised ALEKSANDER in 1386. m (before 25 Jan 1390) HEDWIG von Oppeln, daughter of WLADISLAW Duke of Oppeln, Palatine of Hungary [Piast] & his second wife Euphemia of Mazovia [Piast] ([1376/78]-after 13 May 1390).

15. ŠVITRIGAILA [Svidrigailo] (-10 Feb 1452). He was baptised BOLESŁAW. Prince of Polock 1400/02. After 1406, Prince of Vladimir-Volhynsk Perejeslavl Volokolamsk. Prince of Chermigov 1419/30. He succeeded in 1430 as ŠVITRIGAILA Grand Duke of Lithuania, until 1432. m ([1430/33]) ANNA Ivanovna of Tver, daughter of IVAN Ivanovich Prince of Tver & his wife --- (-[1471/28 Sep 1484]). She adopted the name SOFIA in Lithuania.

16. ELENA (-15 Sep 1438). She became a nun as IEPRAKSIA[107]. m (Winter [1371/72]) VLADIMIR Andreievich “Khrobry/the Brave” Prince of Sierpukhov and Bobrovsk, son of ANDREI Ivanovich of Moscow, Prince of Sierpukhov and Bobrovsk & his second wife Maria Konstantinovna of Rostov-Borisoglebsk (15 Jul 1353-4 or 14 May 1410).

17. MARIA . The Origo Regis Jagyelo records that "dux magnus Jagello" married "sororem suam germanam ducissam Mariam" to "duci Daud"[108]. m firstly (1379) VAIDILA [Wojdylo] Starost of Lidzki (-1382). m secondly DAVID Dmitrievich Prince of Gorodeno [Gorodetsk].

18. WILHEIDA KATARZYNA (-after 4 Apr 1422). m (1388) JOHANN von Mecklenburg-Stargard, son of JOHANN I Herzog von Mecklenburg-Stargard & his third wife Agnes von Lindau-Ruppin (-[6 Jul/9 Oct] 1416, bur Sternberg). He succeeded in his father in 1392 as JOHANN II Herzog von Mecklenburg-Stargard.

19. ALEKSANDRA (-19 Jun 1434). m ([1387]) SIEMOWIT IV Prince of Plock and Kujavia, son of SIEMOWIT III "Starszy" Prince of Mazovia & his first wife Euphemia von Troppau [Přemyslid] (before 1352-5 Dec 1425).

20. JADWIGA (-after 13 May 1400). m (1394) HANUŠ III Duke of Auschwitz [Oświęcim], son of HANUŠ II Duke of Auschwitz [Piast] & his wife Hedwig von Brieg [Piast] ([1366/76]-1405, after 19 Aug).

C. DESCENDANTS of NARIMANTAS

NARIMANTAS [Narimont], son of GEDIMINAS Grand Duke of Lithuania & [his first wife Wida ---] (-killed in battle Strèva 2 Feb 1348). His father installed him as Prince of Polotsk [1333/35], in succession to his uncle Voin[109]. He was baptised as GLEB in 1333[110]. Starost of Grodno. Prince of Novogrodek. Under the division of territories organised by his father, he received Pinsk on the death of the former[111]. When his brother Jaunutis was deposed as Grand Duke in 1345, Narimantas sought refuge with the Mongols but returned in [1347][112] and fought in the army of Grand Duke Algirdas.

m MARIJA of the Golden Horde, daughter of TOKHTA Khan of the Golden Horde & his wife Maria Palaiologina (-1332).

Narimantas & his wife had six children:

1. PUNIGAILO [Padigiełło] Narimantaitis (1303-1386). Castellan of Trocki.

2. MIKHAIL Narimantaitis . Prince of Turov and Pinsk. m ---. The name of Mikhail´s wife is not known. Mikhail & his wife had one child:

a) VASSILI Mikhailovich . Prince of Pinsk 1355. Ancestor of the Princes Pinsky[113] and Kurcewicz.

3. ALEKSANDR Narimantaitis (-after 1386). Prince of Turov and Pinsk. Ancestor of the Princes Rojinsky[114].

4. YURY Narimantaitis (-1392). Prince of Belz [Belck] and Cholm 1390-92.

5. PATRIKII Narimantaitis (-[1383/87]). Prince of Starodub 1384/1408.

- see below.

6. SEMËN Narimantaitis (-after 1386).

PATRIKII Narimantaitis, son of NARIMANTAS [Narimont] of Lithuania & his wife Marija of the Golden Horde (-[1383/87]). He went to Novgorod in 1383 and was given the town of Orekhov, Korel town [Keksholm on Lake Ladoga], half the town of Koporya and Lusko village. The towns of Orekhov and Korel were taken from him in 1384 after the townsmen complained to Novgorod about him and he was awarded Russa and Ladoga in their place[115]. Prince of Starodub 1384/1408.

m IELENA, daughter of ---.

Patrikii & his wife had three children:

1. FEODOR Patrikievich (-shortly after 1424). Ancestor of Princes Shomansky[116]/Khovansky.

2. IURI Patrikievich (-[1447]). m ANNA Dmitrievna of Moscow, daughter of DMITRI Ivanovich "Donskoi" Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his wife Ievdokia Dmitrievna of Suzdal (8 Jan 1387-). Baumgarten cites two sources which specify that the wife of Iurii Patrikievich was the daughter of Dmitry "Donskoy"[117]. [or m (1418) MARIA Vasilievna, daughter of VASILY I Dmitrievich Grand Prince of Vladimir, Prince of Moscow & his wife Sofia of Lithuania. Baumgarten names Maria as the wife of Iuri Patrikievich, although in a later passage he cites two sources which specify that the wife of his wife was the daughter of Dmitry "Donskoy"[118].] Iuri & his wife had three children:

a) VASSILI Yurievich (-Jan 1450). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow. m MARIA, daughter of ---. 1457. Vassili & his wife had four children:

i) IVAN Bulgak Vassilievich (-14 Apr 1498). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow 1476. Voivode 1481. m KSENIA Ivanovna Vsevoloia, daughter of IVAN Ivanovich Vsevoloi. Ivan & his wife had four children:

(a) IVAN Ivanovich (-14 Apr 1498). Prince Bulgakov.

(b) MIKHAIL Golitza Ivanovich (-1554). Prince Bulgakov. Died as a monk. Ancestor of the Princes Galitzin[119].

(c) ANDREI Kuraka Ivanovich (-after 1535). Prince Bulgakov. m firstly ---. m secondly --- Dmitrievna, daughter of DMITRI Semienovich Peshkov-Saburov. Ancestors of the Princes Kurakin[120].

(d) DMITRI Ivanovich (-in prison after 1514). Prince Bulgakov. Voivode.

ii) DANIEL Shchenia Vassilievich (-1516). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow 1476. Ancestor of Princes Stechnsatev.

iii) MIKHAIL Kolyshka Vassilievich (-12 Jun 1495). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow 1475.

iv) VASSILI Kossei Vassilievich (-1531). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow 1475. Monk.

b) IVAN Yurievich 'Gvozdi' (-1499). Prince Patrikiev. He became one of the closest advisers of Ivan III Grand Prince of Moscow. He and his associates came to dominate the duma. Instrumental in securing the accession of Dmitry Ivanovich as co-ruler in 1498, he fell into disgrace within a year of the coronation and was forced to become a monk at Troick[121]. m IEVDOKIA Vladimirovna Shovrina, daughter of VLADIMIR Grigorievich Shovrin. 1470/73.

i) VASILY . He fell from grace with his father and was forced to become a monk, as VASSIAN[122]. He opposed Vasily III's projected divorce in 1525[123].

ii) IVAN Mania Ivanovich (-after 1522). Prince Patrikiev. Boyar at Moscow. Voivode of Polock 1498[124]. He fell from grace with his father[125].

iii) IRINA Ivanovna . m SEMION Shripun Ivanovich Prince Riapolovski, boyar at Moscow (-shot 5 Feb 1499). He fell from his grace with his father-in-law and was executed