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Bull Run
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia - Cite This SourceBull Run, small stream, NE Va., c.30 mi (50 km) SW of Washington, D.C. Two important battles of the Civil War were fought there: the first on July 21, 1861, and the second Aug. 29-30, 1862. Both battlefields are included in Manassas National Battlefield Park (est. 1940).
First Battle of Bull Run
The first battle of Bull Run (or first battle of Manassas) was the first major engagement of the Civil War. On July 16, 1861, the Union army under Gen. Irvin McDowell began to move on the Confederate force under Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard at Manassas Junction, Va. Gen. Robert Patterson's force at nearby Martinsburg was to prevent the Confederate army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Winchester from uniting with Beauregard but failed, and by July 20 part of Johnston's army had reached Manassas. On July 21, McDowell, turning Beauregard's left, attacked the Confederates near the stone bridge over Bull Run and drove them back to the Henry House Hill. There Confederate resistance, with Gen. Thomas J. Jackson standing like a "stone wall," checked the Union advance, and the arrival of Gen. E. Kirby Smith's brigade turned the tide against the Union forces. The unseasoned Union volunteers retreated, fleeing along roads jammed by panicked civilians who had turned out in their Sunday finery to watch the battle. The retreat became a rout as the soldiers made for the defenses of Washington, but the equally inexperienced Confederates were in no condition to make an effective pursuit. The South rejoiced at the result, while the North was spurred to greater efforts to win the war.
Bibliography
See R. H. Beatie, Road to Manassas.
Second Battle of Bull Run
The second battle of Bull Run (or second battle of Manassas) was also a victory for the Confederates. In July, 1862, the Union Army of Virginia under Gen. John Pope threatened the town of Gordonsville, a railroad junction between Richmond and the Shenandoah valley. Gen. Robert E. Lee sent Stonewall Jackson to protect the town, and on Aug. 9, 1862, Jackson defeated Nathaniel Banks's corps, the vanguard of Pope's army, in the battle of Cedar Mt. (or Cedar Run). When Gen. George McClellan's army was gradually withdrawn from Harrison's Landing on the James River (where it had remained after the Seven Days battles) to reinforce Pope, Lee concentrated his whole army at Gordonsville. He planned to strike before Pope could be reinforced. Pope withdrew to the north side of the Rappahannock River. Lee followed to the south side and on Aug. 25 boldly divided his army. By Aug. 28, Jackson had marched to the Union right and rear, destroyed Union communications and supplies, and stationed his troops just west of the first Bull Run battlefield, where he awaited the arrival of James Longstreet with the rest of Lee's army. Pope was attacking Jackson when Longstreet came up on Aug. 29. The attack was repulsed, but Pope, mistaking a re-formation of Jackson's lines for a retreat, renewed it the next day. After the Union troops were again driven back, Lee ordered Longstreet to counterattack. Longstreet, supported by Jackson, swept Pope from the field. The Union forces retreated across Bull Run, badly defeated. Lee's pursuit ended at Chantilly, where the Union forces stopped Jackson on Sept. 1, 1862. Pope then withdrew to Washington.
Bibliography
See E. J. Stackpole, From Cedar Mountain to Antietam (1959); A. Nevins, The War for the Union (Vol. II, 1960).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004, Columbia University Press.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
Run
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This SourceRun or runs may refer to:
Computers
- Execution (computers), meaning to begin operation of a computer program
- Run command, a command used to execute a program in Microsoft Windows
- RUN, a computer magazine of the 1980s
- A sequence of something repeated, in computer coding
Sport
- Running, moving swiftly on foot for exercise, sport, fun or necessity
- Run (American football), an offensive action in American football
- Run (baseball), the unit of scoring in baseball
- Run (cricket), the unit of scoring in cricket
- Piste, a marked trail down a mountain for winter sports
- A sailing term meaning to sail downwind
Film, television and literature
- Run (1991 film)
- Run (2002 film)
- "Run!", an episode of the NBC television series Heroes
- A 2003 novel by Eric Walters
- The third novel in the Fearless series by Francine Pascal
Music
Songs and albums
- "Run" (Shihad song)
- "Run" (Cog song)
- "Run" (Collective Soul song)
- "Run" (Snow Patrol song)
- "Run" (George Strait song)
- "Run" (Gnarls Barkley song)
- "Run" (Air song)
- Run (album), a studio album by B'z
- An album and song by Nine Mile
- A song by Collective Soul on their album Dosage
- A song by Ghostface Killah on his album The Pretty Toney Album
- A song by Rex Goudie on his album Under the Lights
- A song by the Naked Brothers Band on their self-titled album
- A song by New Order on their album Technique
- A song by Shihad, under the name Pacifier, on their album Pacifier
- A song by Supergrass from their album Life on Other Planets
Other
- Run (musical genre)
- Joseph Simmons, a member of hip-hop group Run D.M.C.
- Melisma, also known as runs or vocal runs.
Other meanings
- Run (cards), a combination of playing cards where cards have consecutive rank values
- Run (island), one of the smallest Banda Islands
- Bank run, a mass withdrawal by many people of money from a bank
- Diarrhea, also called "getting the runs"
- Campaigning for public office in an election
See also
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RUN
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This SourceRUN was an American computer magazine published monthly by IDGE Communications with its first issue debuting in January 1984. Bi-monthly publishing began in April 1990, and went on until the magazine folded in November/December 1992. In its heyday, RUN's monthly circulation was in the 200,000–300,000 range. Folio, the trade journal of the magazine industry, rated it as the second fastest-growing U.S. magazine of 1985.
The magazine contained articles about Commodore 8-bit home computers and peripherals, as well as reviews on available software packages for the computers. In addition, every issue featured several type-in programs written in BASIC and/or machine language. The magazine's name came from the BASIC command "RUN", which started execution of the computer's program, presumably typed in from the magazine.
Major RUN columns included the following:
- Magic, perhaps the magazine's most distinctive feature, was a collection of short programs, programming tips, and tricks, mostly submitted by readers. Several dozen were published each month, and they were all numbered in hexadecimal, with each issue's numbering taking over where the last one had left off. Readers could write to Magic at P.O Box 101011, which was a real box number chosen for its binary appearance. Often, a "special issue" published at the end of the year would collect the year's Magic entries and augment them with many unpublished ones. This column, created and compiled by Louis F. Sander, debuted in the first issue and was run during the entire life of the magazine.
- Mega-Magic was a monthly column that included type-in programming utilities larger and more powerful than those in the standard Magic columns.
- Commodore Clinic, a letters column, allowed users to write in with questions about hardware and software issues, which would then be answered in the magazine.
- RUN Amok was an errata column that published corrections to previous type-in programs and articles.
- Software Gallery reviewed various commercial software packages.
- 128 Mode, taken over from Commodore's own magazine when it was purchased by RUN, included programming advice and short type-ins for the Commodore 128.
- Gold Mine was another Louis F. Sander column taken over from Commodore's magazine. It featured tips and tricks for commercial games.
Frequent contributors were Dennis Brisson (Editor/Editor-in-Chief), Tim Walsh (Technical Editor), Lou Wallace (Consulting Editor), Ellen Rule (Consulting Editor), Beth Jala (Review Editor), Tony Branter (Freelance Writer), Robert Rockefeller (Freelance Writer) and Arnie Katz (Freelance Writer). Also, John Ryan and Walt Latocha were freelance writers who became columnists and contributing editors at RUN. The demise of the magazine was due to the public's dwindling interest in 8-bit machines as the computer world evolved to 16-bit. The front cover was originally accented by a font reading "RUN", with each letter placed on a key button resembling those used on the C-64. In June 1987 the keys were removed and the font became italicized with rounded letters.
See also
- Byte and Kilobaud Microcomputing about the story of Wayne Green, the first publisher of RUN.
- Compute!'s Gazette – a contending magazine at the time
- Commodore Magazine – another contender, published by Commodore
- Power/Play – published by Commodore, emphasizing games
- Ahoy! (magazine) – another contender
- Commander magazine – and another
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia © 2001-2006 Wikipedia contributors (Disclaimer)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Friday February 29, 2008 at 09:24:18 PST (GMT -0800)
View this article at Wikipedia.org - Edit this article at Wikipedia.org - Donate to the Wikimedia Foundation
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