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Link

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Link can refer to:

Computing

  • Reciprocal link, two way links to and from websites, also known as "link swaps", "link exchanges" and "link partners"
  • Hyperlink, a reference in a hypertext document to another document or other resource
  • Hard link, a reference or pointer to physical data on a storage volume
  • LINK+, an online library catalog
  • Static link, used in programming languages like Pascal to support nested functions, allowing a nested function to access the local variables of its parent
  • Symbolic link, a special type of file that serves as a reference to another file
  • Data link, downlink, point-to-point link, satellite link, electronic communications links
  • Linked list, a basic data structure
  • Linker, a program that takes one or more objects generated by compilers and assembles them into a single executable program
  • Links (web browser), a web browser for Unix-like systems
  • Magnet: URI scheme, a URI scheme for magnet links for downloading resources via peer-to-peer networks
  • , a HTML element that is used to link web pages with other resources such as CSS style sheets
  • Telecommunications link

Organizations

Mathematics

Television

  • Link TV, an independent American satellite television network

Other

See also

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Last updated on Monday March 03, 2008 at 09:29:24 PST (GMT -0800)
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Liberty in North Korea

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Liberty in North Korea is a non-profit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. with affiliates and chapters all over the world. Commonly known as LiNK, the NGO was formed to accomplish the following mission:

  • To educate the world about North Korea

  • To advocate for human rights, political and religious freedom, and humanitarian aid for North Korea

  • To protect North Korean people where they can be reached.

  • To empower citizens of the world to take effective action and make a difference

  • To bring together and support existing NGOs and other organizations working to achieve the same ends

  • To tell the world the truth

It was created first to educate Korean-American students throughout the United States about the sufferings of the North Korean people and the political context in which they are situated. LiNK has since expanded and is no longer limited to Koreans, to the United States, or to college students.

As the leading organization working on North Korean human rights, LiNK speaks up for the North Korean people all over the world, whether they are suffering in concentration camps within the nation, or toiling away in factories and sweatshops in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. LiNK’s staff spend weeks investigating and working in the field, in places like China, Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. Information is gathered from refugees, NGOs, government agencies and aid organizations, for the purpose of dissemination and to paint an overall picture of important priorities.

LiNK supports many field workers permanently posted overseas in crisis trouble spots, gathering information and working to protect North Koreans where they are. They are LiNK’s eyes and ears on the ground, working to identify and address needs quickly, delivering support and aid from LiNK to the refugees that need them, and protecting them from authorities seeking to exploit or repatriate them in violation of international conventions and standards.

Link is a non-partisan, non-profit, non-religious and non-ethnic organization, whose mission is solely human rights in North Korea. Link relies completely on private donations, and does not accept funding from governments or political parties. As such, the organization has full independence and flexibility in its policies and is empowered to make objective and impartial recommendations.

History

Beginning in 2001, as more and more North Korean refugees made the harsh and dangerous trek to free nations, information about the North Korean human rights and humanitarian crisis began to spread all over the world. Defectors began to testify before major institutions internationally – from the United States Senate to United Nations hearings.

Korean American leaders Adrian Hong and Paul Kim were moved by reports of severe human rights abuses, widespread malnourishment and the tragic plight of refugees in China, and decided they had to spread the word about the crisis. That following spring, at the Eighteenth Annual Korean American Students Conference (KASCON XVIII), held at Yale University, they arranged for the conference to feature several special seminars on North Korea, including a special talk by a North Korean defector, video clips of the escape attempts by North Korean refugees, and panel discussions on various aspects of the North Korea crisis. Nearly 800 Korean American leaders were present, including over 50 distinguished speakers, experts and important figures.

LiNK was officially founded on March 27, 2004, the final day of the conference. The organization immediately spread across a wide collegiate network of Korean American student leaders, marking 40 chapters within one month of launching. As the organization spread, leaders began to raise awareness about the human rights crisis on their local cities and campuses. As LiNK leaders began to get more and more involved in the issue, they began to realize that raising awareness was not enough. Little was being done to address the issue, and existing groups combating the crisis were vastly undermanned and underfunded.

The all-volunteer movement began to delve into activism- first by participating in protests, petition drives and public awareness campaigns. In December of 2004, Link sent two teams to the border of China and North Korea on fact-finding missions, to investigate conditions North Korean refugees faced, and interview many refugees in person. While on the trip, Link’s investigators found that many North Korean orphans lived on the streets and had no protection from the authorities, as well as traffickers looking to prey upon the children. Link team members left China having established the first two shelters in what would grow to become Project: Safe Haven.

LiNK was now firmly a group that would balance raising awareness and investigation of the crisis with actions to make improvements on the ground. It began to take a two-pronged approach of dealing with both the symptoms (the refugee crisis, food crisis) and the problems (the political oppression in the DPRK, poor food distribution) at once.

Over the next year, LiNK began to engage in more extensive field projects, high-level advocacy, while continuing to expand it’s chapters. As of November, 2006, Link had over 100 chapters worldwide, throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan and Korea.

Safe Haven

Safe Haven was established by LiNK in November 2004 to shelter North Korean orphans in China. There are about ten thousand orphaned children in China, mostly because their parents either abandoned them in a desperate attempt to increase their chances for survival or were repatriated to North Korea. Because the Chinese government considers all North Korean refugees to be economic migrants, these orphans cannot obtain Chinese Citizenship. They do not have access to Chinese hospitals, schools, or shelter. Orphanages are established throughout China and are maintained by Chinese Koreans, South Koreans, or other North Korean refugees. Communication between these caretakers and LiNK are secretive, such that some caretakers do not even know anything about LiNK. The orphans range from toddlers to teenagers. They are cared for until they become independent. Because these children are constantly at risk of being captured by Chinese authorities, the children are isolated from the rest of the world. A majority of LiNK's fundraising efforts go to Safe Haven. The goal of Safe Haven is to take in as many orphans as possible with the funds it raises and ultimately to smuggle them out to a free country.

External links

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Wednesday December 12, 2007 at 20:17:01 PST (GMT -0800)
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LINK

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LINK is a project started in 1968 by Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates or WEFA, (now Global Insight), to build the world's first global macroeconomic model, linking models of many of the world's countries so that the effect of changes in the economy of one country are reflected in other countries.

General information

The project was initiated in 1968 under the auspices of the U.S. Social Science Research Council and the leadership of Nobel Laureate Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1980. Since then, Project LINK has expanded from a core of 11 researchers and seven country models to 79 models at the present time for a comprehensive coverage of the global economy.

This large cooperative, non governmental, international research consortium is based on a world wide network of participants in more than 60 countries, and it is internationally recognized as a leading center of quantitative international economic analysis. The activities of Project LINK are coordinated jointly by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations and the Project LINK Research Center at the University of Toronto.

Project LINK's principal achievement has been to integrate independently developed national models into one world model (LINK). The national centers of the project include universities, private research organizations, government agencies, and central banks.

The operational center of the project has been at United Nations Headquarters in New York since 1989, when it was transferred here from the University of Pennsylvania. The center maintains and updates computerized files and the LINK data bases, model equations and computer programs with documentation. It prepares medium term baseline forecasts as well as alternative scenarios with the model. The U.N. center also assists national modeling centers by periodically providing global LINK forecasts of world variables and in undertaking scenario analyses.

The most important feature of Project LINK is its reliance on the expertise in modeling and economic analysis of resident economists from all OECD countries, more than forty individual developing countries, and almost all the economies in transition. Most of these groups operate national econometric models which are part of the LINK system.

In addition to its regular concern with issues related to the short and medium term prospects of the international economy, Project LINK is a focal point for applied international economic research in general. Its meetings and research projects draw on an extensive network of international economic experts, both from inside and outside the modeling community. The economic analyses prepared by the group are used regularly by national policy makers, international economic agencies and private research organizations.

The objectives of the project are the following:

  • To provide a consistent framework for undertaking quantitative studies of the international economic transmission mechanisms and the effects of international disturbances, of international policies and development projects on the outlook for the world economy;
  • To improve the understanding of global economic interdependence, and the determinants of the economic performance of individual industrial, newly industrializing, and developed and developing countries;
  • To assist project participants, international agencies, and outside international economic research centers in improving macroeconomic policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation through the use of quantitative techniques which take into account global economic interdependence;
  • To evaluate the global economic implications of national and international economic policy initiatives, and structural reforms within a globally consistent framework;
  • To advance academic research in the areas of international economics, development economics and related areas. In addition, econometric methods and large scale model solution techniques are being investigated by member teams.

There are two LINK meetings each year, one is in spring and another is in fall, to discuss the outlook of the world economy and some special issue, and to evaluate the project work in progress.

How LINK forecasts are generated

The LINK model resides on the computers at United Nations Headquarters and at the University of Toronto. The modeling system consists of 79 models, representing 72 individual economies and 7 regional groupings (most are small developing economies for which individual models have not yet been integrated). These models are diverse in scale and scope, ranging from small-scale models of a few dozen equations to national systems of several thousand equations. The international transmission between national and regional economies is modeled in various sub-modules, which deal with merchandise trade flows and trade prices, service trade, exchange rates, and international commodity markets. In total, the LINK system consists of 30,000 variables.

Most national models in the LINK system can be described as traditional open-economy macroeconomic models. While economic activity is generally demand-driven, supply-side constraints are incorporated in some of the models. The representation of factor demands and prices follows standard economic theory, with proper allowance for national peculiarities. As most of the models are built and maintained by resident national experts, structural country-specific details, such as the transmission of monetary and fiscal policies and institutional detail in both the public and the private sector, are well captured.

The most important international linkage operates through the modeling of trade flows and trade prices. LINK applies the concept of a trade matrix, i.e. the bilateral trade shares, disaggregated by a number of commodities. In this framework, a country's exports are a weighted average of partner countries' imports, with the weights given by the appropriate trade shares. Similarly, a country's import prices are derived from partner countries' export prices. As trade shares sum to unity, this approach imposes consistency on international trade flows. A similar approach is currently being developed for international service flows.

International monetary linkages are primarily provided through an exchange rate module. Major currency exchange rates are modeled endogenously as functions of interest and inflation differentials and cumulated wealth positions. The scarcity of international financial data prevents a consistent modeling of bilateral capital flows at the present time.

Important world-wide commodity markets, such as oil, raw materials, etc., are being analyzed in separate sub modules, and these sub-modules will provide price forecasts that can be fed into producer and consumer countries.

Before each LINK meeting, national LINK participants will send to the Center the forecasts of their own economy, including their major policy and exogenous assumptions. The LINK Center is responsible for the international consistency in terms of the following aspects: major currency exchange rates--which should be consistent to the monetary policy assumptions in the major countries; commodity prices and their implied export and import deflators for the corresponding trade categories across countries; and international trade equilibrium as imposed by the transmission mechanisms.

With several iterations of computer simulation and human interaction, a Pre-Meeting LINK forecast for the world economy can be generated, including outlook for world, regional and country economic activities. This Pre-Meeting forecast will be presented to the LINK Expert Group meeting as the baseline. Since the imposing of international consistency could make the forecasts for some countries different from their original single country forecasts, comments and feedbacks from the national experts will be collected in the LINK meeting and a Post-Meeting LINK forecast will be generated after the meeting.

LINK forecasting, to some extent, is a process, a dynamic interaction among the economists involved in the Project.

See also

External links

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia © 2001-2006 Wikipedia contributors (Disclaimer)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Sunday November 11, 2007 at 07:33:17 PST (GMT -0800)
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