Induction

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induction, in electricity and magnetism, common name for three distinct phenomena. Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor as a result of a changing magnetic field about the conductor and is the most important of the three phenomena. It was discovered in 1831 by Michael Faraday and independently by Joseph Henry. Variation in the field around a conductor may be produced by relative motion between the conductor and the source of the magnetic field, as in an electric generator, or by varying the strength of the entire field, so that the field around the conductor is also changing. Since a magnetic field is produced around a current-carrying conductor, such a field can be changed by changing the current. Thus, if the conductor in which an emf is to be induced is part of an electric circuit, the induction can be caused by changing the current in that circuit; this is called self-induction. The induced emf is always such that it opposes the change that gives rise to it, according to Lenz's law. Changing the current in a given circuit can also induce an emf in another, nearby circuit unconnected with the original circuit; this type of electromagnetic induction, called mutual induction, is the basis of the transformer. Electrostatic induction is the production of an unbalanced electric charge on an uncharged metallic body as a result of a charged body being brought near it without touching it. If the charged body is positively charged, electrons in the uncharged body will be attracted toward it; if the opposite end of the body is then grounded, electrons will flow onto it to replace those drawn to the other end, the body thus acquiring a negative charge after the ground connection is broken. A similar procedure can be used to produce a positive charge on the uncharged body when a negatively charged body is brought near it. See electricity. Magnetic induction is the production of a magnetic field in a piece of unmagnetized iron or other ferromagnetic substance when a magnet is brought near it. The magnet causes the individual particles of the iron, which act like tiny magnets, to line up so that the sample as a whole becomes magnetized. Most of this induced magnetism is lost when the magnet causing it is taken away. See magnetism.

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Induction

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induction, in logic, a form of argument in which the premises give grounds for the conclusion but do not necessitate it. Induction is contrasted with deduction, in which true premises do necessitate the conclusion. An important form of induction is the process of reasoning from the particular to the general. Francis Bacon in his Novum Organum (1620) elucidated the first formal theory of inductive logic, which he proposed as a logic of scientific discovery, as opposed to deductive logic, the logic of argumentation. Both processes, however, are used constantly in research. By observation of events (induction) and from principles already known (deduction), new hypotheses are formulated; the hypotheses are tested by applications; as the results of the tests satisfy the conditions of the hypotheses, laws are arrived at—by induction; from these laws future results may be determined by deduction. David Hume has influenced 20th-century philosophers of science who have focused on the question of how to assess the strength of different kinds of inductive argument (see Nelson Goodman; Sir Karl Raimund Popper). For a classic account of inductive arguments see J. S. Mill, System of Logic (1843).

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Induction

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Induction may refer to:

• Induction (play), an opening scene in a play, notably used in early English plays
• Rite of passage
• Orientation week, an induction program for new students at Universities
• Teacher induction, the support and guidance provided to novice educators in the early stages of their careers
• Induction (teachers), the period of one year following qualification as a teacher in the United Kingdom
• Induction program, the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role

In biology and chemistry:

• Induction (biology) is the initiation or cause of a change or process in developmental biology
• Enzyme induction and inhibition is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) or inhibits the expression of an enzyme
• Induction (birth), induction of childbirth
• asymmetric induction is the formation of one specific stereoisomer in the presence of a nearby chiral center

In psychology:

• Induction procedure, the act of inducing a hypnotic state
• Post Induction Therapy, a therapy which is based on the theory that childhood trauma, including child abuse and neglect, is the origin of developmental immaturity
• Induction period, related to the Atkins Nutritional Approach
• Inductive reasoning aptitude, an aptitude or personality characteristic

In philosophy, logic, and computer science:

• Inductive reasoning, used in science and the scientific method
• Rhetorical induction
• Backward induction in game theory and economics
• Concept learning is the induction of a concept (category) from observations
• Theoretical foundations of induction, see:
• Computational learning theory
• Version Space
• Statistical Learning Theory
• PAC Learning
• Algorithmic Information Theory.
• Concept learning, for citations to foundational work by Watanabe, Solomonoff, Rendell, etc.

In mathematics:

• Mathematical induction, a method of proof in the field of mathematics
• Strong induction, or Complete induction, a variant of mathematical induction
• Transfinite induction, a kind of mathematical induction
• ∈-induction, a kind of transfinite induction
• Structural induction, a generalization of mathematical induction
• 'Statistical induction', also known as inferential statistics

In physics:

• Electromagnetic induction in physics and engineering
• 'Magnetic induction', see magnetic field
• Electrostatic induction
• Radio frequency induction
• Induction heating
• Induction cooker uses induction heating for cooking.
• Induction sealing
• forced induction, with combustion engines, is the use of a gas compressor added to the air intake

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