Yen-t'ai: see Yantai, China.

Yen, James Y. C., Mandarin Yen Yang-chu, 1893-1990, Chinese educator, b. Sichuan prov., China, educated at Yale (B.A., 1918) and Princeton (M.A., 1920) universities. Yen devised a simplified form of Chinese writing consisting of 1,000 characters and suitable for instructing adult illiterates. He became prominent for his work with the national association for mass education, which was organized to reduce illiteracy and encourage modern methods of farming and agricultural marketing.

Yen Li-pen, d. 673, Chinese painter, foremost master of the T'ang dynasty. He became the most celebrated court painter of the 7th cent. and held several high public offices. Although probably none of his original works survives today, records tell us that he was most renowned for his paintings of Buddhist and Taoist themes and also as the painter of historical personages and events. The superb scroll painting Portraits of Thirteen Emperors in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, has been attributed to him but may be a copy. It represents the peak of early T'ang art.

She Yen-ping: see Mao Tun.

Hwa-yen Buddhism: see Hua-yen Buddhism.

Hua-yen Buddhism [Chin.,=flower garland], school of Chinese Buddhism centering on the Avatamsaka Sutra [flower garland sutra]. This school has no Indian counterpart. Hua-yen classifies Buddhist scriptures and doctrines on five levels, with its own teaching as the highest and most complete. According to the school, all phenomena arise simultaneously from the universal principle of the Dharma-realm. The ultimate principle and manifested things mutually interpenetrate without obstruction. At the same moment all phenomena both embody the Absolute, and reflect and are identified with each other. The first master of the school was Tu-shun (557-640); he was succeeded by Chih-yen (602-668), Fa-ts'ang (643-712), Ch'eng-kuan (737-838), and Ts'ung-mi (780-841), who was also a master of the Ch'an or Zen school. The name also appears as Hwa-yen.