Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand people who inhabit a few villages in the Southeastern Ukraine and in diaspora communities world wide.
The name Urum is derived from the medieval Greek word for Rome designating Constantinople and Greece in general. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prosthetic: originally Turkic languages did not have r- in word-initial position, and in borrowed words used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in the Ukraine. (see: Urums)
Sounds
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Affricate | ʦ ¹ | ʧ | ʤ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | θ | ð ² | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | ɣ | h | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||
| Flap/Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | j | |||||||||||||
(1) /ʦ/ is found only in loanwords.
(2) /θ/ and /ð/ are found only in loanwords from Greek.
Writing System
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters. During the period between 1927 and 1937,the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the so called New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937 the use of written Urum stopped. Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | (Δ δ) | Д′ д′ |
| (Ђ ђ) | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | Т′ т′ | (Ћ ћ) | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Υ υ | Ф ф |
| Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Θ θ |
Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon, and a small description of the language.References
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Saturday July 26, 2008 at 13:31:11 PDT (GMT -0700)
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