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Unique prime

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In mathematics, a unique prime is a certain kind of prime number. A prime p ≠ 2, 5 is called unique if there is no other prime q such that the period length of the decimal expansion of its reciprocal, 1 / p, is equivalent to the period length of the reciprocal of q, 1 / q. Unique primes were first described by Samuel Yates in 1980.

It can be shown that a prime p is of unique period n if and only if there exists a natural number c such that

frac{Phi_n(10)}{gcd(Phi_n(10),n)} = p^c

where Φ_n(x) is the n-th cyclotomic polynomial. At present, more than fifty unique primes or probable primes are known. However, there are only twenty-three unique primes below 10¹⁰⁰. The following table gives an overview of all 23 unique primes below 10¹⁰⁰ and their periods :

Period length	Prime
1	3
2	11
3	37
4	101
10	9,091
12	9,901
9	333,667
14	909,091
24	99,990,001
36	999,999,000,001
48	9,999,999,900,000,001
38	909,090,909,090,909,091
19	1,111,111,111,111,111,111
23	11,111,111,111,111,111,111,111
39	900,900,900,900,990,990,990,991
62	909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,091
120	100,009,999,999,899,989,999,000,000,010,001
150	10,000,099,999,999,989,999,899,999,000,000,000,100,001
106	9,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,091
93	900,900,900,900,900,900,900,900,900,900,990,990,990,990,990,990,990,990,990,991
134	909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,090,909,091
294	142,857,157,142,857,142,856,999,999,985,714,285,714,285,857,142,857,142,855,714,285,571,428,571,428,572,857,143
196	999,999,999,999,990,000,000,000,000,099,999,999,999,999,000,000,000,000,009,999,999,999,999,900,000,000,000,001

The prime with period length 294 is similar to the reciprocal of 7 (0.142857142857142857...)

Just after the table, the twenty-fourth unique prime has 128 digits and period length 320. It can be written as (9₃₂0₃₂)₂ + 1, where a subscript number n indicates n consecutive copies of the digit or group of digits before the subscript. Though they are rare, based on the occurrence of repunit primes and probable primes, it is conjectured strongly that there are infinitely many unique primes.

As of 2006 the repunit R₈₆₄₅₃ is the largest known probable unique prime.

In 1996 the largest proven unique prime was (10¹¹³² + 1)/10001 or, using the notation above, (99990000)₁₄₁+ 1. Its period of reciprocal is 2264. The record has been improved many times since 2000. As of 2008 the largest proven unique prime has 7200 digits, proved by Raffi Chaglassian in 2005.

References

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Last updated on Saturday March 29, 2008 at 15:19:46 PDT (GMT -0700)
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