Ulan-Ude

Ulan-Ude, city (1989 pop. 353,000), capital of the Buryat Republic, SE Siberian Russia, on the Selenga River near its confluence with the Uda. A major transportation hub, it is a river port, a junction on the Trans-Siberian RR, and the starting point of a railway to Ulaanbaatar and Beijing. Industries include railroad maintenance, ship repairing, sawmilling, food processing, meat canning, and the manufacture of locomotives. Founded in 1649 as a Cossack winter encampment, Ulan-Ude became a fortress in 1689 and a city in 1775. It developed as an important trade center of Transbaykalia, along the tea route to China. The city became the capital of the Far Eastern Republic in 1920 and of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous SSR in 1923. Formerly called Udinsk and Verkhneudinsk, it was named Ulan-Ude in 1934.

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Ulan-Ude

Ulan-Ude (Ула́н-Удэ́; ) is the capital city of the Buryat Republic, Russia, is located about 100 km south-east of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2002 Census, 359,391 residents lived in Ulan-Ude, up from 351,806 recorded in 1989 and it is the third largest city in eastern Siberia.

Names

Ulan-Ude was first called Udinskoye (Russian: У́динское) for its location on the Uda River. From around 1735, the settlement was called Udinsk (Russian: У́динск) and was granted town status under that name in 1775. However, its name was changed to Verkhneudinsk, literally "Upper Udinsk" (Russian: Верхнеу́динск Verxneudinsk; Buryat: Дээдэ-Үдэ Deede-Üde; Дээд Үүд Deed Üüd; Classical Mongolian: Degedy Egüde), in 1783 to differentiate it from Nizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a different Uda River near Irkutsk which gained town status that year. (The "upper" and "lower" refer to positions of the two cities relative to each other, not the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its Uda, i.e. the lower end, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch of its Uda.) The current name of Ulan-Ude (Russian: Ула́н-Удэ́; Buryat: Улаан-Үдэ Ulaan-Üde; Mongolian: Улаан Үүд Ulaan Üüd; Classical Mongolian: Ulaɣan Egüde) was bestowed upon the city in 1934 and means "red Uda" or "red gate" in Buryat reflecting the communist ideology of the Soviet Union to which it belonged.

History

The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were the Evenks and, later, the Buryat Mongols. Ulan-Ude was founded in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks as Udinskoye. Due to its favourable geographical position, the city grew rapidly and became a large trade centre which connected Russia with China and Mongolia and, from 1690, was the administrative center of the Transbaikal region. In 1775, the city, now Udinsk, was chartered as a city and in in 1783 was renamed Verkhneudinsk. After a large fire in 1878, the city was almost completely rebuilt. The Trans-Siberian Railway reached the city in 1900 causing an explosion in growth. The population which was 3500 in 1880 reached 126,000 in 1939. On 27 July 1934, the city was renamed Ulan-Ude.

Geography and climate

Ulan-Ude lies east of Moscow and south-east of Lake Baikal. It is located above mean sea level at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda which divides the city into two parts.

Ulan Ude has a moderate subarctic climate with mean temperatures of . The hottest month, July, has a mean temperature of and the coldest, January, is . Ulan-Ude receives an average of precipitation per year, mostly in the summer.

Population

According to the 2002 Census, 359,391 residents lived in Ulan-Ude, up from 351,806 recorded in 1989. It is the third largest city in East Siberia.

Historical population figures for Ulan-Ude
Year	1923	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989
Population	21,600	28,900	125,700	174,300	253,600	299,800	351,800

The ethnic makeup of the city's population in 2002:

Russians: 73.1%
Buryats: 21.4%
Ukrainians: 2.6%
Tatars: 0.8%
Others: 2.1 %

The city is the center of Tibetan Buddhism in Russia and the important Ivolginsky datsan is located 23 km from the city.

Transport

Ulan Ude is located on the main line (Trans-Siberian line) of the Trans-Siberian Railway between Irkutsk and Chita at the junction of the Trans-Mongolian line (the Trans-Mongolian Railway) which begins at Ulan Ude and continues south through Mongolia to Beijing in China. The city also lies on the M55 section of the Baikal Highway (part of the Trans-Siberian Highway), the main federal road to Vladivostok. Air traffic is served by the Ulan-Ude Airport (Mukhino), as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport. Intracity transport includes tram, bus, and marshrutka (share taxi) lines.

Culture

Sights

Until 1991, Ulan-Ude was city closed to foreigners. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks which are exceptional examples of Russian classicism. The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is also a large and highly unusual statue of the head of Lenin in the central square, the largest in the world.