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Proto-Algonquian language
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This SourceProto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the name given to the posited proto-language of the languages of the Algonquian family. One theory, first put forth by Frank Siebert in 1967, is that it was spoken between 2500 and 3000 years ago between Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario, Ontario, in Canada, and at least as far south as Niagara Falls (determined through examination of the reconstructed terms for natural features, plants, and animals), although this is still debated. More recent work by scholars such as Ives Goddard and Peter Denny suggests that in fact it was spoken much further west than this, perhaps in the western Great Plains near what is now Montana or Alberta. This latter theory is most favored among current Algonquian specialists, and accounts better for the location of languages such as Blackfoot and Arapaho.
Proto-Algonquian, in turn, was a member of the Algic family, whose other two members, Wiyot and Yurok, are spoken in California.
The Algonquian family is usually divided into three subgroups: Eastern Algonquian (a genetic subgrouping), Central Algonquian (an areal grouping), and Plains Algonquian (an areal grouping).
The earliest comparative work on the Algonquian family was undertaken by the linguist Leonard Bloomfield, who reconstructed Proto-Algonquian (his "Proto-Central-Algonquian") using four languages: Fox, Ojibwe, Menominee, and (Plains) Cree. Since his initial reconstructions, there has been an enormous amount of comparative work undertaken on the Algonquian family, making Proto-Algonquian a significantly well-studied proto-language, particularly compared with many other North American language families.
Phonology
Proto-Algonquian had four basic vowels, *i, *e, *a, *o, each of which had a long counterpart (commonly written *i·, *e·, *a·, *o·), for a total of eight vowels. The reconstructed consonants are as follows (with some Americanist values: <č> represents a postalveolar affricate */ʧ/, <š> a postalveolar fricative */ʃ/, and The phoneme written <θ> was originally posited to have been an interdental fricative by Leonard Bloomfield (though he also thought it might have been a lateral fricative). Goddard (1994a and b) also argues for this view—one piece of evidence being that this is the reflex it has in Arapaho. However, some researchers have argued that should be reconstructed a lateral fricative, /ɬ/, due in part to reflexes such as l and n which turn up in a number of Central Algonquian languages. Goddard (1994a and b) has argued that the sound traditionally reconstructed as *l should in fact be reconstructed as *r, as the earliest records of many Algonquian languages show that they in fact once had a rhotic, which has since changed to l in modern forms of the languages. Reconstruction of the consonant clusters has been relatively difficult, and the paths the clusters take in their evolutions to the daughter languages have been complex. Bloomfield originally reconstructed seven different types of clusters: *čC, *šC, *xC, *hC, *çC, *ʔC, and *NC (where N is an unspecified nasal: either *m or *n depending on the following consonant). As reconstructed by Bloomfield (but substituting modern orthographical conventions for Bloomfield's spelling (<š> for In some cases the first member of the clusters was almost impossible to reconstruct, and Bloomfield's choice of symbols to represent them was purely arbitrary. Thus, There was evidently also a cluster (written All consonants, furthermore, could be followed by *w or *y (although *čw and *hy did not occur; the former had earlier simplified to *č and the latter to *š). The PA word began with a single consonant or vowel or with a consonant plus *w or *y; between vowels in a word there could occur a consonant, a semivowel, or a cluster of two consonants; and the word always ended in a short vowel. *i never occurred in the first syllable of a word.
Several allophonic processes, morphophonemic processes, and phonological constraints can be reconstructed. *t and *θ became *č and *š before *i, *i·, or *y. Of the short vowels, only *e and *a occurred in the first syllable of a word, and all words ended in a short vowel. Semivowels preceded by a consonant could not be followed by *o or *o·. The pronominal prefixes, *ne-, *ke-, and *we- (see below) became *net-, *ket-, and *wet- when followed by a vowel.
Proto-Algonquian nouns had an animate/inanimate contrast: nouns representing animate beings (and some traditional items viewed as having spiritual powers) were classed as animate, while all other nouns were inanimate. The plural marker differed in form depending on whether the noun was animate or inanimate: animate nouns took a plural suffix *-aki, while inanimate nouns took a plural suffix *-ari. Another important distinction involved the contrast between nouns marked as proximate and those marked as obviative. Proximate nouns were those deemed most central or important to the discourse, while obviative nouns were those less important to the discourse. When two third person participants appeared in a sentence, one was marked as proximate and the other as obviative, in order to distinguish which one was the subject and which was the object (since verbs inflected for whether they had a proximate or obviative subject and a proximate or obviative object). There were personal pronouns which distinguished three persons, two numbers (singular and plural), inclusive and exclusive first person plural, and proximate and obviative third persons. Demonstrative pronouns have been more difficult to reconstruct, as many of the daughter languages have innovated a great deal. PA had four classes of verbs: transitive verbs with an animate object (abbreviated TA), transitive verbs with an inanimate object (TI), intransitive verbs with an animate subject (AI), and intransitive verbs with an inanimate subject (II). Transitive verbs had two paradigms, termed objective and absolute. Objective verbs were used when the object of the verb was not present as an overt noun elsewhere in the sentence, while absolute verbs were used when the object of the verb was marked with an overt noun in the sentence. Objective verbs could also be used when an object was present, and in such cases indicated that the object was definite, as opposed to indefinite.
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Labial
Alveolar
Palatal/
Postalveolar
Velar
Glottal
Plosive
p
t
č
k
ʔ
Fricative
Central
s
š
h
Possible Lateral
θ
Resonant
Nasal
m
n
Rhotic
r
Semivowel
w
y
p
t
č
θ
s
š
r
k
č
*čp
*čk
ʔ
*ʔt
*ʔč
*ʔθ
*ʔs
*ʔš
*ʔr
š
*šp
*št
*šk
x
*xp
*xk
ç
*çk
h
*hp
*ht
*hč
*hθ
*hs
*hš
*hr
*hk
θ
*θp
*θk
N
*mp
*nt
*nč
*nθ
*ns
*nš
*nr
*nk
Phonological Processes
Grammar
External links
References
Bibliography
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Last updated on Thursday May 29, 2008 at 16:25:27 PDT (GMT -0700)
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