People:

• Philemon (poet), a poet of the Athenian Democracy
• Philemon (New Testament person), the recipient of Saint Paul's Epistle to Philemon
• Saint Philemon the actor, early fourth century Christian martyr
• Philemon of Valaam and Jordanville
• Philemon of Antioch a Greek Orthodox Patriarch.
• Philemon Masinga a South African footballer.

Art and literature:

• Philemon of the couple Baucis and Philemon, from the Metamorphoses of Greek mythology
• Epistle to Philemon, a book in the New Testament
• Philémon (comics), a Franco-Belgian comic book series by Fred
• Philemon Martyr, a play by Jacob Bidermann
• Philemon, a musical by Tom Jones and Harvey Schmidt
• Filemón Pi, Spanish comic book character

Other:

• Philemon (genus), a genus of birds in the family Meliphagidae
• Philemon, Carl Jung's wise spirit guide in form of an elderly winged man
• Philemon was also the name of several ancient grammarians whose works survive only in fragments