Permanent residency

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - Cite This Source

Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status: the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having citizenship. A person with such status is known as a permanent resident.

Countries with permanent residency systems

Not every country has a facility for someone to be a 'permanent resident'. Those that do include:

Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam (called "penduduk tetap")
Canada (permanent residents were known as landed immigrants before 28 June 2002)
Chile
China (Program started from 2004)

Hong Kong (either through Right to land or Right of Abode)
Macau

Czechia - trvalý pobyt
Denmark
Finland (permit P)
Germany (called Niederlassungserlaubnis)
Guatemala
Iran
Israel (The term toshàv-kéva may refer to a permanent resident without citizenship, or to a citizen with registered abode)
Japan
Malaysia
Netherlands (called Verblijfsvergunning voor onbepaalde tijd)
New Zealand
Poland (called Karta stałego pobytu)
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Romania (called Permis de sedere permanenta)
Russia (called Vid na zhitelstvo)
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland (called a C permit or Niederlassungsbewilligung (settlement permit) )
United Kingdom (either through Indefinite Leave to Remain or Right of Abode)
United States of America (colloquially called "Green Card")
Ukraine (called posvidka na postijne prozhivanie)

Rights of permanent residents

Depending on the country, permanent residents usually have the same rights as citizens except for the following:

they may not vote (some countries allow this)
they may not stand for public office
they may not apply for public sector employment (some countries allow this)
they may not apply for employment involving national security (In Singapore, however, Second-generation PRs have to undergo compulsory military service)
they may not own certain classes of real estate
they may not hold the passport of that country
they may not access the country's consular protection (some countries allow this)

Obligations of permanent residents

Permanent residents may be required to fulfill specific residence obligations to retain their status. In some cases, permanent residency may be conditional on a certain type of employment or maintenance of a business.

Some countries have compulsory military service for Permanent Residents and Citizens. For example, Singapore requires all males who are citizens and permanent residents to complete a compulsory 2 years of service in the army known as National Service (NS) upon attaining 18 years of age. However, most first generation permanent residents are exempted, and only their sons are held liable for NS.

In a similar vein, the United States has Selective Service, a compulsory registration for military service, which is required of all male citizens and permanent residents ages 18 to 26; this requirement applies even to those residing in the country illegally. Applications for citizenship may be denied or otherwise impeded if the applicant cannot prove having complied with this requirement.

Permanent residents may be required to reside in the country offering them residence for a given minimum length of time (as in Australia).

Loss of status

Permanent residents may lose their status if they fail to comply with residency or other obligations imposed on them. For example:

they leave the country beyond a maximum number of days
they commit crimes so as they may be subject to deportation or removal from the country

Access to citizenship

Usually permanent residents may apply for citizenship by naturalisation after a period of residency in the country concerned. Dual citizenship may or may not be permitted.

In many nations an application for naturalisation can be denied on character grounds sometimes resulting in individuals that are not in danger of being deported but may not proceed to citizenship. In the United States, the residency requirements for citizenship may vary according to the basis for residency; for example, those who achieved legal permanent residence by marriage may apply for citizenship three years after residency was granted, while others must wait five years. Those who have served in the armed forces may qualify for an expedited process allowing citizenship after only one year.

Automatic entitlement

Full permanent residence rights are granted automatically between:

the Republic of Ireland and United Kingdom
the states of the Nordic Council

Rights conferred under the European Union Treaties do not extend to full permanent residence, but in practise there is little difference.

Australian and New Zealand citizens have significant rights of residence in each other's nations under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement.

Proof of permanent residency

People who are granted permanent residency in a country are usually issued some sort of documentary evidence as legal proof of this status. In the past, many countries would merely stamp the person's passport indicating that the holder was admitted as a permanent resident or that he/she was exempt from immigration control and permitted to work without restriction. Other countries would issue a photo ID card (known in the United States as a "green card") or would issue a visa sticker in the person's passport or present them with letter to indicate their permanent resident status.

In Australia and New Zealand, a printout of permanent residence visa or residence permit is stuck to a page of the permanent resident's passport.

In Canada, permanent residents are issued a photo ID card known as PR Card.

In Hong Kong, permanent residents are issued a Hong Kong Permanent Identity Card.

In Singapore, permanent residents are issued a blue identity card with their photograph, thumb print and other personal particulars.

In Switzerland, permanent residents are issued a yellow ID

Loss of the identification document and/or the possession of a stolen document are major crimes in many countries.