would, because much of those powers have been granted to a "head of government" (usually called a
). However, the head of government and head of state may form one office in a parliamentary republic (such as
. This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament.
In some instances, the President may legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake the day-to-day running of government (as in Finland) but by convention they do not use these powers. Some parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system.
| Country
| Formerly
| Parliamentary republic adopted
| Head of state elected by |
| Albania
| One-party state
| 1991
| Parliament, by three-fifths majority
|
| Austria
| One-party state
| 1955
| Direct, by second-round system
|
| Bangladesh
| Presidential republic (Part of Pakistan)
| 1971
| Parliament
|
| Botswana
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1966
| Parliament
|
| Bulgaria
| One-party state
| 1947
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Croatia
| One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)
| 1991
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Czech Republic
| One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)
| 1993
| Parliament, by majority
|
| Dominica
| British overseas territory
| 1978
| Parliament, by majority
|
| East Timor
| Military junta (Occupied by Indonesia)
| 1999
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Estonia
| One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)
| 1992
| Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
| Ethiopia
| One-party state
| 1991
| Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
| Finland
| Constitutional monarchy (Part of Russian Empire)
| 1919
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Germany
| One-party state
| 1949
| Federal assembly (Parliament and state delegates), by absolute majority
|
| Greece
| Military junta
| 1974
| Parliament, by majority
|
| Hungary
| One-party state
| 1990
| Parliament, by absolute majority
|
| Iceland
| Constitutional monarchy (Part of Denmark)
| 1944
| Direct, by transferable vote
|
|
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1950
| Parliament and state legislators, by single transferable vote
|
| Iraq
| One-party state
| 2005
| Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
| Ireland
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1949
| Direct, by single transferable vote
|
| Israel
| Protectorate (Part of British Mandate of Palestine)
| 1948
| Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
| Italy
| Constitutional monarchy
| 1946
| Parliament, by majority
|
| Kiribati
| Protectorate
| 1979
| Citizens
|
| Latvia
| One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)
| 1991
| Parliament
|
| Lithuania
| One-party state (Part of Soviet Union)
| 1990
| Direct, by second-round system
|
| Macedonia
| One-party state (Part of the Yugoslavia)
| 1991
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Malta
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1974
| Parliament, by majority
|
| Marshall Islands
| UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
| 1979
| Parliament
|
|
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1992
| Parliament, by majority
|
| Federated States of Micronesia
| UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
| 1986
| Parliament
|
| Mongolia
| One-party state
| 1949
| Parliament
|
| Montenegro
| One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)
| 1992
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Nauru
| Australian Trust Territory
| 1968
| Parliament
|
| Poland
| One-party state
| 1990
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Portugal
| Military junta
| 1976
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Samoa
| Territory of New Zealand
| 2007
| Parliament
|
| Singapore
| Constitutional monarchy (Part of Malaysia)
| 1965
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| Slovakia
| One-party state (Part of Czechoslovakia)
| 1993
| Parliament (before 1999)
Directly, by second-round system (since 1999)
|
| Slovenia
| One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia)
| 1991
| Directly, by second-round system
|
| South Africa
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1961
| Parliament, majority
|
| Suriname
| One party Military Dictatorship
| 1987
| Parliament
|
| Switzerland
| Military junta (Occupied by France)
| 1802
| Parliament
|
|
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1976
| Parliament
|
| Turkey
| Constitutional monarchy (Part of Ottoman Empire)
| 1923
| Direct (since 2007, previously by parliament)
|
| Vanuatu
| Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
| 1980
| Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority
|
| Zimbabwe
| Presidential republic
| 2008
| Directly, by second-round system
|
