Kyushu

Kyushu, island (1990 pop. 13,064,955), c.13,760 sq mi (35,640 sq km), S Japan. It is the third largest, southernmost, and most densely populated of the major islands of Japan. It is separated from Shikoku by the Bungo Strait and from Honshu by the Shimonoseki Strait; a railroad tunnel under the strait and a bridge link Kyushu with Honshu. Mainly of volcanic origin, the island has a mountainous interior rising to 5,886 ft (1,794 m) in Kuju-san; Aso-san, Japan's largest active volcano, is on Kyushu, and there are many hot springs. The Chikugo (88 mi/142 km long), the island's longest river, waters an extensive rice-growing area in the northwest. Kyushu has a subtropical climate and receives much precipitation. Rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, fruits, wheat, and soybeans are major crops. Coal, zinc, and copper are mined in Kyushu, and raw silk is extensively produced. The island is noted for its porcelain (Satsuma and Hizen ware). The famous Imari ware was manufactured at the ancient town of Arita. Heavy industry is concentrated in N Kyushu, near Japan's oldest coal field; Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, and Omuta are major industrial centers. Nagasaki, the chief port of Kyushu, was the first Japanese port to receive Western trade. There are four national parks on the island, and one of Japan's two space centers is located there.

Island (pop., 2004 est.: 14,780,000), southernmost of Japan's four main islands. Located off the eastern coast of Asia, it is separated from Honshu to the north by the Shimonoseki Strait and from Shikoku to the east by the Bungo Strait. The island, with an area of 14,183 sq mi (36,733 sq km), is mountainous; several famous peaks rise some 5,000–6,000 ft (1,500–2,000 m) high, including Mount Aso. Its chief cities include Fukuoka and Kitakyūshū. It was the first part of the Japanese empire opened to foreigners in the 19th century.

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Group Kyushu (Kyūshū-ha) was an edgy, experimental and rambunctious art group that emerged in Japan in the late 1950s as part of a wave of young artists that would go on to change the look of Japanese modern art in the 1960s and 70s.

Almost none of the members of Group Kysuhu were formally trained as artists, and hailing from the southernmost island of Japan (Kyūshū), they were remote from the center of haute culture, Tokyo. Reacting against what they saw as a stifling exhibition system that relied on personal connections and master-disciple relationships, they put great energy into fighting against the various institutions of the art establishment. The group worked in paint, sculpture and performance. They ripped and burned canvasses, stapled corrugated cardboard, nails, nuts, springs, metal drill shavings, and burlap to their works, assembled all kinds of unwieldy junk assemblages, and were best known for covering much of their work in tar. They also occasionally covered their work in urine and excrement, and have the dubious honor of being the first group to ever be forbidden from exhibiting at the famously permissive Yomiuri Independent exhibition (1949-63).

Main Members

Group Kyushu's membership fluctuated a lot over the years, including approximately 25 members all told. Some of the most important figures are (in alphabetical order): Ishibashi Yasuyuki, Ochi Osamu, Kikuhata Mokuma, Sakurai Takami, Tabe Mitsuko, Terada Kenichiro, and Matano Mamoru.

Group Kyushu required a membership fee, but its organization was non-hierarchical. Members discussed and often fought over the direction of the group, which perhaps contributed to frequent factional splits. The Group often produced and signed work collectively.

Importance for Art History

For art history the group is an essential member of a movement that has come to be called "anti-art." Other groups included in this category are Neo-Dada (Neo-Dadaizumu Oganaizazu), Gutai (Gutai Bijutsu Kyokai), and Hi-Red-Center. Influenced in various ways by L'Art Informel, these groups and their members worked to foreground material in their work: rather than seeing the art work as representing some remote referent, the material itself and the artists' interaction with it became the main point. The freeing up of gesture was another legacy of L'Art Informel, and the members of Group Kyushu took to it with great verve, throwing, dripping, and breaking material, sometimes destroying the work in the process.

The Group is also one of a large number of avant-garde groups hailing from areas outside Tokyo. They tried to bring art closer to everyday life, by incorporating objects from daily life into their work, and also by exhibiting and performing their work outside on the street for everyone to see. The effort to bring art out into the public and down to street level is a major part of 1960s avant-garde, underground, and anarchist art.

Sources

• Fukuoka Museum of Art, Kyushu-ha ten (Group Kyushu Exhibition), exhb. cat. 1988.
• Kuroda Raiji, "Kyushu-ha as a Movement: Descending to the Undersides of Art," in Josai University Review of Japanese Culture and Society Dec. 2005. Trans. Reiko Tomii.