- This article is about the founder of Sufism in India. For the preceptor of the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, see Moinuddin Chishti (Khuldabad).
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishty (Persian/Urdu: خواجہ معین الدین چشتی ) was born in 1141 and died in 1230 CE, also known as Gharib Nawaz (Urdu: غریب نواز ), is the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order of South Asia. He was born in 536 A.H./1141 CE, in Sajistan, Khorasan (other accounts say Isfahan) in Persia. He is also known as "Sultan-e-Hind". He claimed his progeny to Muhammad through the sixth Imam, Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad as-Sadiq.
He was one of the most outstanding figures in the annals of Islamic mysticism and founder of the Chistiyya order in India.
Early Life
Moinuddin's parents died when he was only 15 years old and he used to look after the orchard and windmill that he inherited from his father. During his childhood, young Moinuddin was different from others and kept himself busy in prayers and meditation. Legend has it that once when he was watering his plants, a revered monk, Sheikh Ibrahim Qandozi, came to his orchard. Young Moinuddin approached him and offered him some fruits. In return, Sheikh Ibrahim Qandozi gave him a piece of bread and asked him to eat it. The Khwaja got enlightened and found himself in a strange world after eating the bread. After this he disposed of his property and other belongings and distributed the money to the poor. He renounced the world and left for Bukhara in search of knowledge and higher education.Journeys
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti visited the seminaries of Samarkand and Bukhara and acquired religious learning at the feet of eminent scholars of his age. He visited nearly all the great centers of Muslim culture, and acquainted himself with almost every important trend in Muslim religious life in the Middle Ages.He became the disciple of the Chishti Khwaja Uthman Harooni. They travelled the Middle East extensively together, including visits to Mecca and Medina.Return to India
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti turned towards India, reputedly after a dream in which Muhammad told him to do so, and after a brief stay at Lahore he reached Ajmer where he settled down. There he attracted a substantial following, acquiring a great deal of respect amongst the residents of the city. Today, hundreds of thousands of people, Muslims, Hindus, Christians and others, from the Indian sub-continent, and from other parts of the world assemble to his tomb on the occasion of his urs (Death anniversary).Founding of Chishtiyya order in India
He apparently never wrote down his teachings in the form of a book, nor did his immediate disciples . But he laid the foundations of the Chishtiyya order in Ajmer, India, where common people came in large numbers. His firm faith in Wahdat al-wujud (Unity of Being) provided the necessary ideological support to his holy mission to bring about emotional integration of the people amongst whom he lived.The central principles that became characteristics of the Chistiyya order are based on his teachings and practices. They lay stress on renunciation of material goods; strict regime of self-discipline and personal prayer; participation in Sama as a legitimate means to spiritual transformation; reliance on either cultivation or unsolicited offerings as means of basic subsistence; independence from rulers and the state, including rejection of monetary and land grants; generosity to others, particularly, through sharing of food and wealth, and tolerance and respect for religious differences.
He, in other words, interpreted religion in terms of human service and exhorted his disciples “to develop river-like generosity, sun-like affection and earth-like hospitality.” The highest form of devotion, according to him, was “to redress the misery of those in distress – to fulfill the needs of the helpless and to feed the hungry.”
It was during the reign of Emperor Akbar (1556 – 1605) that Ajmer emerged as one of the most important centers of pilgrimage in India. The Mughal Emperor undertook an unceremonial journey on foot to accomplish his wish to reach Ajmer. The Akbarnama records that the emperor’s interest first sparked when he heard some minstrels singing songs about the virtues of the Awlia (Friend of God) who lay asleep in Ajmer.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti authored several books including ‘Anis al-Arwah’ and ‘Daleel al-Arefeen’ both of them dealing with Islamic code of living.
Khwaja Qutbuddin Baktiyar Kaki (d. 1235) and Hamiduddin Nagori (d. 1276) were Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti’s celebrated Khalifa or disciples who continued transmitting the teachings of their master through their disciples, leading to the widespread proliferation of the Chistiyya order in India.
Among Khwaja Qutbuddin Baktiyar’s prominent disciples was Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakar (d. 1265), whose dargah is at Pakpattan (Pakistan). And Fariduddin’s most famous disciple was Nizamuddin Awliya (d. 1325) popularly referred to as Mahboob-i-Ilahi (God’s beloved) whose dargah is located in South Delhi.
From Delhi, the disciples branched out to establish dargahs in several regions of South Asia, from Sindh in the west to Bengal in the east, and the Deccan in the south. But from all the network of Chishti dargahs Ajmer dargah took on the special distinction of being the ‘mother’ dargah of them all.
A recent Bollywood movie "Jodhaa Akbar", directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, a song in praise of "Khwaja Moinudeen chisti" (Khwaja Mere Khwaja) was shot.It depicts the emperor Akbar being in awe of the song of the minstrels. The song has been composed by A.R. Rahman.
Blast at Dargah
Terror struck the highly revered Sufi shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisthi in Ajmer when a bomb went off inside the complex on Thursday 11 October 2007 evening killing three people and injuring 17 others as thousands of Muslims were breaking their day-long Ramzan fast.
References
See also
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Last updated on Sunday July 13, 2008 at 21:11:46 PDT (GMT -0700)
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