, also known as shiho-shoshi lawyers, are one of the legal professions in Japan. Judicial scriveners are authorized to represent their clients in real estate registrations, commercial registrations (e.g. the incorporation of companies), preparation of court documents and filings with legal affairs bureaus. Judicial scriveners may also represent clients in summary courts, arbitration and mediation proceedings, but are not allowed to represent clients in district courts or more advanced stages of litigation.

Judicial scriveners must pass an examination administered by the Ministry of Justice. The examination tests knowledge of twelve Japanese statutes, the four principal ones being the Civil Code, Real Estate Registration Act, Commercial Code and Commercial Registration Act. (The Corporations Act was added to the examination in 2006.) The examination consists of two written tests followed by one oral test; the overall passage rate is 2.8%. A person may also become qualified as a judicial scrivener by working for ten years as a court secretary, judicial secretary or prosecutor's secretary.

Judicial scriveners must maintain a membership in the for the prefecture in which they work. They can be found in solo practice, or attached to law firms as employees of attorneys at law.

See also

• Scrivener
• Administrative scrivener
• Judicial system of Japan

External links

• Japan Federation of Shiho-Shoshi Lawyers' Associations