JEL classification codes

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Articles in Economics journals are usually classified according to the system used by the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL). The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. There are 19 main categories, each of which have numerous subcategories and subsubcategories.

The primary codes are:

General economics - General economics and Teaching
Schools of economic thought and methodology - Economic schools of thought and Methodology
Mathematical and quantitative methods - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
Microeconomics - Microeconomics
Macroeconomics and monetary economics - Macroeconomics and Monetary economics
International economics - International Economics
Financial economics - Financial Economics
Public economics - Public Economics
Health, education, and welfare economics - Health, Education, and Welfare
Labor and demographic economics - Labor and Demographic Economics
Law and economics - Law and Economics
Industrial organization - Industrial organization
Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting - Business administration and Business economics; Marketing; Accounting
Economic history - Economic history
Economic development, technological change, and growth - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
Economic systems - Economic systems
Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics - Agricultural and Natural resource economics; Environmental and Ecological economics
Urban, rural, and regional economics - Urban, Rural, and Regional economics
Other special topics - Other Special Topics

The full list is available at http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html

General Economics and Teaching JEL: A Subcategories

General economics

General economics - General Economics

JEL: A10 - General

JEL: A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists

Relation of economics to other disciplines - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines

Socioeconomics - Relation of Economics to Social Values

JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics

JEL: A19 - Other

Economics education - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics

JEL: A20 - General

JEL: A21 - Pre-college

JEL: A22 - Undergraduate

JEL: A23 - Graduate

JEL: A29 - Other

JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works

JEL: A30 - General

JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals

JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes

JEL: A39 - Other

Schools of economic thought and methodology JEL: B Subcategories

Schools of economic thought and methodology

JEL: B0 - General

JEL: B00 - General

History of economic thought - History of Economic Thought through 1925

JEL: B10 - General

Preclassical economics - Preclassical

Classical economics - Classical

JEL: B13 - Neoclassical through 1925

JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marxist

JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional

JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical

JEL: B19 - Other

History of economic thought - History of Economic Thought since 1925

JEL: B20 - General

JEL: B21 - Microeconomics

JEL: B22 - Macroeconomics

JEL: B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative & Mathematical Studies

JEL: B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian

JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian

JEL: B29 - Other

JEL: B3 - History of Thought: Individuals

JEL: B30 - General

JEL: B31 - Individuals

JEL: B32 - Obituaries

Economic methodology - Economic methodology

JEL: B40 - General

JEL: B41 - Economic methodology

JEL: B49 - Other

Heterodox economics - Current Heterodox Approaches

JEL: B50 - General

JEL: B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian

JEL: B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary

JEL: B53 - Austrian

JEL: B54 - Feminist Economics

JEL: B59 - Other

Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories

Mathematical and quantitative methods

Mathematical and quantitative methods - General

JEL: C00 - General

JEL: C01 - Econometrics

JEL: C02 - Mathematical Methods

Econometrics - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General

JEL: C10 - General

JEL: C11 - Bayesian analysis

Hypothesis testing - Hypothesis testing

Estimation theory - Estimation

JEL: C14 - Semiparametric and nonparametric methods

JEL: C15 - Statistical Simulation methods

Probability distributions - Statistical distributions

JEL: C16 - Specific Distributions

JEL: C19 - Other

Single equation methods - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables

JEL: C20 - General

JEL: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models

Time series analysis - Time-Series Models

JEL: C23 - Panel data

JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models

JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models

JEL: C29 - Other

Simultaneous equation methods - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models

JEL: C30 - General

JEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; ; Spatial Models; Treatment effect models

Time series analysis - Time-Series Models

JEL: C33 - Models with Panel data

JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models

JEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice models

JEL: C39 - Other

Econometrics - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics

JEL: C40 - General

JEL: C41 - Duration analysis

JEL: C42 - Survey methods

Index numbers - Index numbers Aggregation

JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research

JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics

JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions

JEL: C49 - Other

Econometric models - Econometric Modeling

JEL: C50 - General

JEL: C51 - Model construction and estimation

JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing

JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications

JEL: C59 - Other

Mathematical economics - Mathematical Methods and Programming

JEL: C60 - General

JEL: C61 - Optimization techniques; Programming models; Dynamic analysis

JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium

Computational economics - Computational techniques

JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools

JEL: C67 - Input–output models

JEL: C68 - Computable General Equilibrium models

JEL: C69 - Other

Game theory - Game theory and Bargaining theory

JEL: C70 - General

JEL: C71 - Cooperative games

JEL: C72 - Noncooperative games

Evolutionary game theory - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated Games

Bargaining theory - Bargaining theory; Matching theory

JEL: C79 - Other

Economic data - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

JEL: C80 - General

JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data

JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data

Econometrics software - Econometric software

Software - Other Computer Software

JEL: C89 - Other

Experimental economics - Design of Experiments

JEL: C90 - General

JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior

JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior

JEL: C93 - Field experiments

JEL: C99 - Other

Microeconomics JEL: D Subcategories

Microeconomics

JEL: D0 - General

JEL: D00 - General

Underlying principles of microeconomic behavior - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

Economic institutions - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations

Household behavior and family economics - Household Behavior and Family Economics

JEL: D10 - General

Consumer theory - Consumer Economics: Theory

JEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysis

JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation

JEL: D14 - Personal finance

JEL: D18 - Consumer protection

JEL: D19 - Other

Production and organizations - Production and Organizations

JEL: D20 - General

Firm behavior - Firm behavior

JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights

Economics of production - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity

JEL: D29 - Other

Income distribution - Distribution

JEL: D30 - General

JEL: D31 - Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions

JEL: D33 - Factor income distribution

JEL: D39 - Other

Market structure and pricing - Market structure and pricing

Markets - General

Perfect competition - Perfect competition

Monopoly - Monopoly

Imperfect competition - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection

Auction theory - Auctions

Rationing and licensing - Rationing; Licensing

Value theory - Value Theory

JEL: D49 - Other

General equilibrium and disequilibrium - General equilibrium and Disequilibrium

JEL: D50 - General

JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies

JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets

JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis

JEL: D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models

JEL: D59 - Other

Welfare economics - Welfare economics

JEL: D60 - General

Economic efficiency - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysis

Externality - Externalities

JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement

JEL: D64 - Altruism

JEL: D69 - Other

JEL: D63 - Economic inequality

Analysis of collective decision-making - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

JEL: D70 - General

Social choice theory - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations

Public choice theory - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior

JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption

JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances

JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation

JEL: D79 - Other

Information, knowledge, and uncertainty - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

JEL: D80 - General

Economics of uncertainty - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty

Asymmetric information - Asymmetric and Private Information

JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge

JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation

JEL: D85 - Network Formation

JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law

JEL: D89 - Other

Intertemporal - Intertemporal choice and Growth

JEL: D90 - General

JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving

JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing

JEL: D99 - Other

Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories

JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

Macroeconomics and monetary economics

JEL: E0 - General

JEL: E00 - General

National accounts - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth

JEL: E1 - General Aggregative Models

JEL: E10 - General

JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary

Keynesian economics - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian

JEL: E13 - Neoclassical

JEL: E17 - Macroconomic forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E19 - Other

JEL: E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment

JEL: E20 - General

JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving

JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity

JEL: E23 - Production

JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages

JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution

JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy

JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E29 - Other

JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles

JEL: E30 - General

JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation

Business cycle - Business Fluctuations; Cycles

JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E39 - Other

Monetary economics - Money and Interest Rates

JEL: E40 - General

JEL: E41 - Demand for Money

JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System

Interest rates - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates

JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy

JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: E49 - Other

Monetary policy - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

JEL: E50 - General

JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers

JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)

JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies

JEL: E59 - Other

Macroeconomic policy - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook

JEL: E60 - General

JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination

Fiscal Policy - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation

JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization

JEL: E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy

JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes

JEL: E66 - General Outlook and Conditions

JEL: E69 - Other

International economics JEL: F Subcategories

JEL: F - International Economics

International economics

JEL: F0 - General

JEL: F00 - General

JEL: F01 - Global Outlook

JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: General

International trade - Trade

JEL: F10 - General

JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade

JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies

JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations

JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade

JEL: F15 - Economic Integration

JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions

JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment

JEL: F19 - Other

International factor movements - International Factor Movements and International Business

JEL: F20 - General

JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements

Human migration - International Migration

Multinational companies - Multinational Firms; International Business

JEL: F29 - Other

International finance - International Finance

JEL: F30 - General

JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange

JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements

JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions

JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems

JEL: F35 - Foreign aid

JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration

JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F39 - Other

International macroeconomics - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

JEL: F40 - General

Open economy macroeconomics - Open economy macroeconomics

JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission

JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies

JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation

JEL: F49 - Other

Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories

JEL: G - Financial Economics

Financial economics

Finance - General

JEL: G00 - General

Financial markets - General Financial Markets

JEL: G10 - General

JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions

JEL: G12 - Asset pricing

JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing

JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies

JEL: G15 - International financial markets

JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G19 - Other

Financial institutions and services - Financial institutions and Services

JEL: G20 - General

Banking - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Mortgages

Insurance - Insurance; Insurance companies

JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Other Private Financial Institutions

JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage

JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G29 - Other

Corporate finance and governance - Corporate finance and Corporate governance

JEL: G30 - General

JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Investment Policy

JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Capital and Ownership Structure

JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance

JEL: G35 - Payout Policy

JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation

JEL: G39 - Other

Public economics JEL: H Subcategories

JEL: H - Public Economics

Public economics

JEL: H0 - General

JEL: H00 - General

JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

JEL: H10 - General

JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government

JEL: H19 - Other

Taxation - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

JEL: H20 - General

JEL: H21 - Taxation and efficiency; Optimal taxation

JEL: H22 - Incidence

JEL: H23 - Externalities; Taxation and redistribution; Environmental taxes and Subsidies

Personal taxes - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies

Business taxes - Business Taxes and Subsidies

JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion

JEL: H27 - Other Sources of Revenue

JEL: H29 - Other

JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

JEL: H30 - General

JEL: H31 - Household

JEL: H32 - Firm

JEL: H39 - Other

JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods

JEL: H40 - General

JEL: H41 - Public goods

JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods

JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate

JEL: H49 - Other

JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

JEL: H50 - General

JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health

JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education

JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs

JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock

JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions

Military economics - National Security and War

JEL: H57 - Procurement

JEL: H59 - Other

JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

JEL: H60 - General

JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems

JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus

JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management

JEL: H69 - Other

JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

JEL: H70 - General

JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures

JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects

JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing

JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism

JEL: H79 - Other

JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

JEL: H80 - General

JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits

JEL: H82 - Governmental Property

JEL: H83 - Public administration

JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods

JEL: H89 - Other

Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories

JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare

Health, education, and welfare economics

JEL: I0 - General

JEL: I00 - General

Health economics - Health

JEL: I10 - General

Health care markets - Analysis of Health Care Markets

JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior

JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health

JEL: I19 - Other

Education economics - Education

JEL: I20 - General

JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education

JEL: I22 - Educational finance

JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions

JEL: I28 - Government Policy

JEL: I29 - Other

Welfare and Poverty - Welfare and Poverty

JEL: I30 - General

JEL: I31 - General Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness

Poverty - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty

JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

JEL: I39 - Other

Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories

JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics

Labor and demographic economics

JEL: J0 - General

JEL: J00 - General

Demographic economics - Demographic economics

JEL: J10 - General

JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts

JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure

JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth

JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped

JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination

JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination

JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income

JEL: J18 - Public Policy

JEL: J19 - Other

Employment - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital

JEL: J20 - General

JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure

JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply

JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment

JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity

JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies

JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy

JEL: J29 - Other

Wages - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

JEL: J30 - General

JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.

JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions

JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods

JEL: J38 - Public Policy

JEL: J39 - Other

Particular labor markets - Particular Labor Markets

JEL: J40 - General

JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets

JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets

JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets

JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations

JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets

JEL: J48 - Public Policy

JEL: J49 - Other

Collective bargaining - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

JEL: J50 - General

JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects

JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining

JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence

JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms

JEL: J58 - Public Policy

JEL: J59 - Other

Labor mobility, unemployment and vacancies - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies

JEL: J60 - General

JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers

JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility

JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs

JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search

JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings

JEL: J68 - Public Policy

JEL: J69 - Other

Labor discrimination - Labor Discrimination

JEL: J70 - General

JEL: J71 - Discrimination

JEL: J78 - Public Policy

JEL: J79 - Other

Labor standards - Labor Standards: National and International

JEL: J80 - General

JEL: J81 - Working conditions

JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition

JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights

JEL: J88 - Public Policy

JEL: J89 - Other

Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories

JEL: K - Law and Economics

Law and economics

JEL: K0 - General

JEL: K00 - General

JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law

JEL: K10 - General

JEL: K11 - Property Law

JEL: K12 - Contract Law

JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability

JEL: K14 - Criminal Law

JEL: K19 - Other

Economics of regulation - Regulation and Business Law

JEL: K20 - General

JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law

JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law

JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law

JEL: K29 - Other

JEL: K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law

JEL: K30 - General

JEL: K31 - Labor Law

JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law

JEL: K33 - International Law

JEL: K34 - Tax Law

JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law

JEL: K39 - Other

JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

JEL: K40 - General

JEL: K41 - Litigation Process

JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

JEL: K49 - Other

Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories

Industrial organization

JEL: L - Industrial Organization

JEL: L0 - General

JEL: L00 - General

Market structure and pricing - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

JEL: L10 - General

JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms

Monopoly - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies

JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets

JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks

JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility

JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices

JEL: L19 - Other

JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

JEL: L20 - General

JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm

JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates

JEL: L23 - Organization of Production

JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures

JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales

JEL: L29 - Other

JEL: L3 - Non-profit organizations and Public enterprise

JEL: L30 - General

JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs

JEL: L32 - Public enterprises

JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out

JEL: L39 - Other

JEL: L4 - Anti-competitive behaviour Issues and Policies

JEL: L40 - General

JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices

JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation

JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations

JEL: L49 - Other

JEL: L5 - Regulation and Industrial policy

JEL: L50 - General

JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation

JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods

JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms

JEL: L59 - Other

Economics of manufacturing industries - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

JEL: L60 - General

JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics

JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment

JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment

JEL: L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments

JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology

JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco

JEL: L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather

JEL: L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables

JEL: L69 - Other

JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

JEL: L70 - General

JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels

JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources

JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper

JEL: L74 - Construction

JEL: L78 - Government Policy

JEL: L79 - Other

Economics of service industries - Industry Studies: Services

JEL: L80 - General

JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce

JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)

JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism

JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services

JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services

JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software

JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services

JEL: L88 - Government Policy

JEL: L89 - Other

Economics of transportation and utility industries - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

JEL: L90 - General

JEL: L91 - Transportation: General

JEL: L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports

JEL: L93 - Air Transportation

JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities

JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities

JEL: L96 - Telecommunications

JEL: L97 - Utilities: General

JEL: L98 - Government Policy

JEL: L99 - Other

Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories

JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting

Business economics

JEL: M0 - General

JEL: M00 - General

Management - Business Administration

JEL: M10 - General

JEL: M11 - Production Management

JEL: M12 - Personnel Management

JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship

JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility

JEL: M19 - Other

JEL: M2 - Business Economics

JEL: M20 - General

JEL: M21 - Business economics

JEL: M29 - Other

Marketing - Marketing and Advertising

JEL: M30 - General

JEL: M31 - Marketing

JEL: M37 - Advertising

JEL: M39 - Other

Accounting scholarship - Accounting and Auditing

JEL: M40 - General

JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship

JEL: M42 - Auditing

JEL: M49 - Other

JEL: M5 - Personnel economics

JEL: M50 - General

JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)

JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)

JEL: M53 - Training

JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction)

JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Other

JEL: M59 - Other

Economic history JEL: N Subcategories

JEL: N - Economic History

Economic history

JEL: N0 - General

JEL: N00 - General

JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations

JEL: N10 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

JEL: N20 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth

JEL: N30 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation

JEL: N40 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

JEL: N50 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

JEL: N60 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services

JEL: N70 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History

JEL: N80 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History

JEL: N90 - General, International, or Comparative

JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913

JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–

JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913

JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–

JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania

Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O Subcategories

JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

Economic development, technological change, and growth

Economic development - Economic development

JEL: O10 - General

JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development

JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products

JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology

JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration

JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment

Informal economy - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political

JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses

JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy

JEL: O20 - General

JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy

JEL: O22 - Project Analysis

JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development

JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy

JEL: O29 - Other

Technological change - Technological Change; Research and Development

JEL: O30 - General

JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D

JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

Intellectual property - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues

JEL: O38 - Government Policy

JEL: O39 - Other

Economic growth - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

JEL: O40 - General

JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models

JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models

JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity

JEL: O49 - Other

Economywide country studies - Economywide Country Studies

JEL: O50 - General

JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada

JEL: O52 - Europe

JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East

JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean

JEL: O55 - Africa

JEL: O56 - Oceania

JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

Economic systems JEL: P Subcategories

JEL: P - Economic Systems

Economic systems

JEL: P0 - General

JEL: P00 - General

Capitalist systems - Capitalist Systems

JEL: P10 - General

Economic planning - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises

JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises

JEL: P14 - Property Rights

JEL: P16 - Political Economy

JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P19 - Other

Socialism - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies

JEL: P20 - General

JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P22 - Prices

JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population

JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation

JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation

JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights

JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment

JEL: P29 - Other

Socialism - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

JEL: P30 - General

JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions

JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture

JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

JEL: P34 - Financial Economics

JEL: P35 - Public Economics

JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty

JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior

JEL: P39 - Other

JEL: P4 - Other Economic Systems

JEL: P40 - General

JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform

JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population

JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics

JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation

JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid

JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty

JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects

JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights

JEL: P49 - Other

JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

JEL: P50 - General

JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems

JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies

JEL: P59 - Other

Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics JEL: Q Subcategories

JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics Resource economics

JEL: Q0 - General

JEL: Q00 - General

JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development

Agricultural economics - Agriculture

JEL: Q10 - General

JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices

JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness

JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance

JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation

JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services

JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade

JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy

JEL: Q19 - Other

Renewable resources - Renewable Resources and Conservation

JEL: Q20 - General

JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture

JEL: Q23 - Forestry

JEL: Q24 - Land

JEL: Q25 - Water

JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources

JEL: Q28 - Government Policy

JEL: Q29 - Other

Non-renewable resources - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

JEL: Q30 - General

JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development

JEL: Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts

JEL: Q33 - Resource Booms

JEL: Q38 - Government Policy

JEL: Q39 - Other

Energy economics - Energy

JEL: Q40 - General

JEL: Q41 - Demand and Supply

JEL: Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources

JEL: Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy

JEL: Q48 - Government Policy

JEL: Q49 - Other

Environmental economics - Environmental economics

JEL: Q50 - General

JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects

JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects

JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling

JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters

JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation

JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting

JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics

JEL: Q58 - Government Policy

JEL: Q59 - Other

Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories

JEL: R - Urban, rural, and regional economics

Urban, rural, and regional economics

JEL: R0 - General

JEL: R00 - General

Regional economics - General Regional economics

JEL: R10 - General

JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes

JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade

JEL: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies

JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns

JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models

JEL: R19 - Other

JEL: R2 - Household Analysis

JEL: R20 - General

JEL: R21 - Housing Demand

JEL: R22 - Other Demand

JEL: R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population

JEL: R29 - Other

JEL: R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location

JEL: R30 - General

JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets

JEL: R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis

JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets

JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis

JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies

JEL: R39 - Other

Transport economics - Transportation Systems

JEL: R40 - General

JEL: R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and Accidents

JEL: R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis

JEL: R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies

JEL: R49 - Other

JEL: R5 - Regional Government Analysis

JEL: R50 - General

JEL: R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies

JEL: R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations

JEL: R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock

JEL: R58 - Regional Development Policy

JEL: R59 - Other