Interleukin

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Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of bodily cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.

List

A list of interleukins:

Name	Source	Target receptors	Target cells	Function
IL-1	macrophages, B cells, monocytes , dendritic cells	CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2	T helper cells	co-stimulation
			B cells	maturation & proliferation
			Nk cells	activation
			macrophages, endothelium, other	inflammation, small amounts induce acute phase reaction, large amounts induce fever
IL-2	TH1-cells	CD25/IL2RA, CD122/IL2RB, CD132/IL2RG	activated T cells and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, oligodendrocytes	stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients.
IL-3	activated T helper cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, eosinophils	CD123/IL3RA, CD131/IL3RB	hematopoietic stem cells	growth and differentiation to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes
			mast cells	growth and histamine release
IL-4	TH2-cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cells, macrophages	CD124/IL4R, CD132/IL2RG	activated B cells	proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE synthesis. Important role in allergic response (IgE)
			T cells	proliferation
			endothelium
IL-5	TH2-cells, mast cells, eosinophils	CD125/IL5RA, CD131/IL3RB	eosinophils	production
			B cells	differentiation, IgA production
IL-6	macrophages, TH2-cells, B cells, astrocytes, endothelium	CD126/IL6RA, CD130/IR6RB	activated B cells	differentiation into plasma cells
			plasma cells	antibody secretion
			hematopoietic stem cells	differentiation
			T cells, others	induces acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation
IL-7	bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells	CD127/IL7RA, CD132/IL2RG	pre/pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells	involved in B, T, and NK cell survival, development, and homeostasis, ↑proinflammatory cytokines
IL-8	macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells	CXCR1/IL8RA, CXCR2/IL8RB/CD128	neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes	Neutrophil chemotaxis
IL-9	Th2-cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells	CD129/IL9R	T cells, B cells	Potentiates IgM, IgG, IgE, stimulates mast cells
IL-10	monocytes, TH2-cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subset	CD210/IL10RA, CDW210B/IL10RB	macrophages	cytokine production
			B cells	activation
			mast cells
			Th1 cells	inhibits Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2)
			Th2 cells	Stimulation
IL-11	bone marrow stroma	IL11RA	bone marrow stroma	acute phase protein production, osteoclast formation
IL-12	dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, macrophages	CD212/IL12RB1, IR12RB2	activated T cells,	differentiation into Cytotoxic T cells with IL-2, ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10
			NK cells	↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α
IL-13	activated TH2-cells, mast cells, NK cells	IL13R	TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages	Stimulates growth and differentiation of B-Cells (IgE), inhibits TH1-cells and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12
IL-14	T cells and certain malignant B cells		activated B cells	controls the growth and proliferation of B cells, inhibits Ig secretion
IL-15	mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es)	IL15RA	T cells, activated B cells	Induces production of Natural Killer Cells
IL-16	lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells	CD4	CD4+ T cells	CD4+ chemoattractant
IL-17	subsets of T cells	CDw217/IL17RA, IL17RB	epithelium, endothelium, other	osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, ↑ inflammatory cytokines
IL-18	macrophages	CDw218a/IL18R1	Th1 cells, NK cells	Induces production of IFNγ, ↑ NK cell activity
IL-19	-	IL20R		-
IL-20	-	IL20R		regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes
IL-21	-	IL21R
IL-22	-	IL22R		Activates STAT1 and STAT3 and increases production of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and haptoglobin in hepatoma cell lines
IL-23	-	IL23R		Increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration
IL-24	-	IL20R		Plays important roles in tumor suppression, wound healing and psoriasis by influencing cell survival.
IL-25	-	LY6E		Induces the production IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate eosinophil expansion
IL-26	-	IL20R1		Enhances secretion of IL-10 and IL-8 and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells
IL-27	-	IL27RA		Regulates the activity of B lymphocyte and T lymphocytes
IL-28	-	IL28R		Plays a role in immune defense against viruses
IL-29	-			Plays a role in host defenses against microbes
IL-30	-			Forms one chain of IL-27
IL-31	-	IL31RA		May play a role in inflammation of the skin
IL-32	-			Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2
IL-33	-			Induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokine
IL-35	regulatory T cells			Suppression of T helper cell activation

References

External links

• HGNC Gene Family Nomenclature: Interleukin and Interleukin Receptor Gene Symbols
• Interleukin Antibody Review

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