Howard

Hanson, Howard, 1896-1981, American composer, teacher, and conductor, b. Wahoo, Nebr. In 1921, Hanson won the Prix de Rome, becoming the first composer to enter the American Academy there. From 1924-64 he was director of the Eastman School of Music, Rochester, N.Y.; in 1964 he became director of the Institute of American Music at the Univ. of Rochester. Among his works are the Romantic Symphony (Symphony No. 2., 1930) and his Pulitzer Prize-winning Fourth Symphony (1944). Hanson's opera Merry Mount, based on a tale by Nathaniel Hawthorne, appeared in 1934. His works for chorus and orchestra include The Lament for Beowulf (1925), the Hymn to the Pioneers (1938), the Cherubic Hymn (1950), and The Song of Democracy (1957). Hanson's music was strongly romantic. His influence as a teacher was profound.

Nemerov, Howard, 1920-91, American poet, novelist, and critic, b. New York City, grad. Harvard, 1941; brother of photographer Diane Arbus. He taught at Bennington College for many years and was associated with Washington Univ. in St. Louis from 1969 until his death. Nemerov's witty and often gloomy poetry ranges in tone from light to deeply philosophical; collections include The Image and the Law (1947), The Next Room of the Dream (1964), Collected Poems (1977; Pulitzer Prize), By Al Lebowitz's Pool (1979), Inside the Onion (1984), and War Stories (1987). He was poet laureate of the United States (1988-90). His fiction deals largely with moral dilemmas, as in The Melodramatists (1949).

Pyle, Howard, 1853-1911, American illustrator and writer, b. Wilmington, Del., studied at the Art Students League, New York City. His illustrations appeared regularly in Harper's Weekly, and in many other American magazines. He both wrote and illustrated tales of chivalry and adventure for young people, among them The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883), The Wonder Clock (1888), The Garden Behind the Moon (1895), and The Story of King Arthur and His Knights (1903). His illustrations are of marked individuality. Scenes from both medieval folklore and American history are rendered with engaging simplicity and penetrating realism. Pyle's reconstructions of the past, of which he had an exhaustive knowledge, were uniquely believable. He also painted murals and taught painting. In 1894 he became director of illustration at Drexel Institute, Philadelphia. In 1900 he started the Howard Pyle School of Art next to his own studio in Wilmington, and classes were offered free to a limited number of students. A large collection of his pictures is preserved at the Delaware Art Museum.

Fast, Howard, 1914-2003, American author, b. New York City. A prolific writer, he is best known for historical novels that mainly concern rebellion against various forms of tyranny. They include Citizen Tom Payne (1943), Freedom Road (1944), My Glorious Brothers (1948), Spartacus (1951), and April Morning (1961). Among his later novels is a lengthy multivolume, multigenerational family saga set in San Francisco: The Immigrants (1977), Second Generation (1978), The Establishment (1979), The Legacy (1981), The Immigrant's Daughter (1985), and An Independent Woman (1997). His last works of fiction include the novels Redemption (1999) and Greenwich (2000). From 1943 to 1956, Fast was a member of the American Communist party. He served a prison term (1950) for refusing to cooperate with the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and his books were purged from American school libraries; in 1953 he was awarded the Stalin Peace Prize. The Naked God (1957) is an account of Fast's political experiences, and the memoir Being Red (1990) further explores the issues involved. He also wrote essays, science fiction, short stories, biographies, screenplays, poetry, and mysteries (many under the name E. V. Cunningham).

Hawks, Howard (Howard Winchester Hawks), 1896-1977, American film director, b. Goshen, Ind. Although not as well known as such contemporaries as John Ford and Alfred Hitchcock, he has been critically acclaimed as one of the 20th cent.'s best motion picture directors. His directorial career began in the silent film era with The Road to Glory (1926). Hawks's uncomplicated and unpretentious style, visual clarity, and sense for crisp dialogue are evident in his more than 40 films, which cover an unusually wide variety of cinematic genres. Many of his works have become classics, including the war film The Dawn Patrol (1930), the gangster movie Scarface (1932), the screwball comedy Bringing Up Baby (1938), the romantic adventure To Have and Have Not (1944), the detective story The Big Sleep (1946), the Western Red River (1948), and the musical Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). The lucid, direct style that made Hawks the ultimate Hollywood professional has been an important influence on many of today's filmmakers.

Howard, English noble family. Landowners in Norfolk from the 13th cent., the Howards obtained the duchy of Norfolk through the marriage of Sir Robert Howard to Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk. Their son John Howard, 1st duke of Norfolk (in the Howard line), received the title in 1483 when the direct Mowbray line died out. He was killed fighting for Richard III at Bosworth Field. His son, Thomas Howard, 2d duke of Norfolk, was deprived of his title and estate by Henry VII, but he regained favor and was a prominent military commander under both Henry VII and Henry VIII. Two of Henry VIII's wives—Anne Boleyn (mother of Elizabeth I) and Catherine Howard—were members of the Howard family; they were both nieces of Thomas Howard, 3d duke of Norfolk. He came into conflict with Henry after the execution of Catherine, and in 1546 he and his son, Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, were both accused of treason. The latter was executed, but his father was restored to the title in 1553 on the accession of Mary I. His grandson, Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Norfolk, was beheaded in 1572 for conspiring on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots. His forfeited titles were gradually restored to the family in the 17th cent.—earl of Surrey (1603), earl of Norfolk (1644), duke of Norfolk (1660). The office of earl marshal has long been hereditary to the dukes of Norfolk, but because of the family's Roman Catholicism, they were not able to exercise the office until empowered to by special statute in 1824. The present head of the Howard family is Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th duke of Norfolk, b. 1956. Norfolk is the oldest and premier dukedom in England. The title of earl of Arundel and Surrey passes to the heir apparent of the dukedom. The cadet branches of the Howard house are numerous.

Howard, Bronson, 1842-1908, American dramatist, b. Detroit. His plays are important in the development of American drama. He was a newspaper reporter in New York until the success of his first play, Saratoga, a farcical comedy produced in 1870. He wrote 12 subsequent plays, including Young Mrs. Winthrop (1882), one of the first American dramas of social criticism; The Henrietta (1887), a satire on business practice; and by far his most popular play, Shenandoah (1888), a Civil War drama, first unsuccessfully produced but revived the following year with great success.

Howard, Catherine, 1521?-1542, fifth queen consort of Henry VIII of England. She was the daughter of Lord Edmund Howard and the niece of the powerful Thomas Howard, 3d duke of Norfolk. Henry married her soon after his divorce from Anne of Cleves in 1540. Late in 1541 she was accused of immoral conduct prior to her marriage. Although she confessed, Henry was at first inclined to clemency. When evidence was produced for similar misconduct after her marriage, she was attainted for treason and beheaded.

Howard, Charles, 1st earl of Carlisle: see Carlisle, Charles Howard, 1st earl of.

Howard, Sir Ebenezer, 1850-1928, English town planner, principal founder of the English garden-city movement. His To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), reissued as Garden Cities of To-morrow (1902), outlined a model self-sustaining town that would combine town conveniences and industries with the advantages of an agricultural location. As a result of the first publication he was able to form (1899) the Garden City Association, and, in 1903 Letchworth, the first English garden city, was founded. In 1920 he organized Welwyn Garden City.

Howard, Elizabeth Jane: see under Amis, Kingsley.

Howard, Frederick, 5th earl of Carlisle: see Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th earl of.

Howard, Henry: see Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of.

Howard, John, 1726-90, English prison reformer. He had great influence in improving sanitary conditions and securing humane treatment in prisons throughout Europe. He was responsible (1774) for persuading the House of Commons to enact a set of penal reform acts.

Howard, John Winston, 1939-, Australian political leader and prime minister (1996-2007), b. Sydney. A graduate of Sydney Univ., a conservative lawyer, and a member of the Liberal party, he was elected to parliament in 1974 and served as minister for business and consumer affairs (1975-77) and treasurer (1977-83) in the government of Malcolm Fraser. As head of the party (1985-89; 1995-2007), he was an advocate of economic deregulation, smaller government, and other free-market reforms. He became prime minister in 1996, leading a Liberal-National party coalition and promising sweeping economic and labor reforms. He retained power after the 1998, 2001, and 2004, elections, becoming the third Australian prime minister to win four terms. He strongly supported retention of the British monarch as head of state in the 1999 referendum, opposed a formal national apology for Australia's mistreatment of the aborigines, and increased Australia's involvement in the Asia-Pacific region. Although he oversaw an extended period of economic growth, his staunch support of the U.S. President George W. Bush and voter unhappiness with labor-law changes and various social issues contributed to his defeat in 2007.

Howard, Leland Ossian, 1857-1950, American entomologist, b. Rockford, Ill., grad. Cornell (B.S., 1877), Ph.D. Georgetown Univ., 1896. Associated with the U.S. Bureau of Entomology from 1878 (as its chief, 1894-1927, and as its principal entomologist until 1931), he influenced economic and medical entomology in the United States. He waged war against insect parasites of humans (especially the mosquito and housefly) and against crop pests such as the boll weevil and gypsy moth. Among his best-known works are The Insect Book (1901), Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies (et al., 4 vol., 1912-17), The Insect Menace (1931), and his autobiography, Fighting the Insects (1933).

Howard, Michael, 1941-, British politician, leader of the Conservative party (2003-5), b. Llanelli, Wales, as Michael Hecht. The son of immigrants (his father changed the family name after becoming a British subject in 1947), he was educated at Cambridge and became a successful barrister. In 1983 he was elected to Parliament, and in 1985 became a junior minister under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In 1990 he became employment and environment minister, a post he continued to hold under Prime Minister John Major. Appointed home secretary in 1993, he was known for his tough anticrime stance. After Major resigned as party leader (1997), Howard sought unsuccessfully to succeed him. However, following Iain Duncan Smith's loss of the leadership post in 2003, Howard won the position unopposed, becoming the first Jew to lead a major British party (Disraeli had been baptized). Howard resigned as party leader following the Conservative loss in the 2005 elections; he was succeeded by David Cameron.

Howard, Oliver Otis, 1830-1909, Union general in the Civil War, founder of Howard Univ., b. Leeds, Maine, grad. Bowdoin College, 1850, and West Point, 1854. Made a brigadier general of volunteers (Sept., 1861), he fought in the East from the first battle of Bull Run through the Gettysburg campaign. Howard lost his right arm at Fair Oaks in the Peninsular campaign (1862). His 11th Corps was completely routed by Stonewall Jackson's flank attack in the battle of Chancellorsville. On the first day at Gettysburg, Howard, assuming command after J. F. Reynolds was killed, was driven back with heavy losses to Cemetery Hill. His corps constituted part of the Union reinforcements under Hooker in the Chattanooga campaign. In the Atlanta campaign he commanded the Army of the Tennessee after the death of J. B. McPherson, and he led it in Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas. President Andrew Johnson made Howard, who was devoted to the cause of black betterment, chief commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau in May, 1865. The bureau, under difficult circumstances, provided necessary and useful services. Although some officials were dishonest, the corruption has sometimes been overstated. Howard himself was honest; but he was not an able administrator. A founder (1867) of Howard Univ. (named for him), he was its president (1869-73). He later helped to found Lincoln Memorial Univ. in Tennessee. As commander of the Dept. of the Columbia (1874-81), Howard directed several campaigns against the Native Americans and negotiated with Chief Joseph in 1877. In 1886 he was promoted to major general and assigned to command the Division of the East; he held this post until his retirement in 1894. He wrote biographies of Chief Joseph (1881) and Zachary Taylor (1892), as well as Famous Indian Chiefs I Have Known (1908) and an autobiography (1907).

Howard, Sir Robert, 1626-98, English dramatist. He held several important government posts under Charles II. His introduction to his Foure New Plays (1665) initiated a dispute with his brother-in-law, John Dryden, about the use of blank verse or rhyme in drama. His best-known play is The Committee (1665).

Howard, Roy Wilson, 1883-1964, American newspaper publisher, b. Gano, Ohio. He became New York manager of the United Press (UP) in 1907. During World War I, as president and general manager of UP, Howard prematurely reported from Europe that an armistice had been signed; this caused widespread turmoil. In 1921 he was elected board chairman of the UP, of the Newspaper Enterprise Association, and of their parent concern, the Scripps-McRae newspaper chain. Howard became the partner of Robert P. Scripps, and the chain was renamed Scripps-Howard. Scripps died in 1938, and Howard was trustee for his heirs until they took control of the chain in the late 1940s. Until his death, he retained control of the New York World-Telegram and the Sun (1950-66), which he had built for the chain by purchasing the Telegram (1927), the World (1931), and the Sun (1950).

Howard, Sidney Coe, 1891-1939, American dramatist, b. Oakland, Calif., grad. Univ. of California, 1915, and studied under George Pierce Baker at Harvard. His first successful play was They Knew What They Wanted (1924; Pulitzer Prize), a compassionate drama set in the wine-producing region of California. It was followed by such plays as Ned McCobb's Daughter (1926), about a courageous New England resort owner; The Silver Cord (1926), concerning possessive maternalism; and Yellow Jack (1934), a dramatization of man's struggle against yellow fever. Howard's other works include the adaptation The Late Christopher Bean (1932) and the Academy Award winning screenplay for the movie Gone With the Wind (1939).

Cosell, Howard, 1920-95, American sports broadcaster, b. Winston-Salem, N.C., as Howard William Cohen. Formerly a lawyer, he began covering sports for the American Broadcasting Company in 1956, and was identified especially with ABC's prime-time "Monday Night Football" (1970-84) and as a vocal advocate for Muhammad Ali. Cosell's often abrasive style, marked by his frequent claims to "tell it like it is," made him one of television's most familiar figures.

Carter, Howard, 1874-1939, English Egyptologist. He served (1891-99) with the Egyptian Exploration Fund and later helped to reorganize the antiquities administration for the Egyptian government. Carter's successful excavations (1906-22) with Lord Carnarvon in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt, include the tombs of Amenophis I, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose IV. His greatest achievement was the discovery in 1922 of the tomb of Tutankhamen. With A. C. Mace he wrote The Tomb of Tut.ankh.amen (3 vol., 1923-33; repr. 1963).

Swanson, Howard, 1909-78, American composer, b. Atlanta. He studied at the Cleveland Institute of Music and in Paris with Nadia Boulanger. Among his compositions are three symphonies, Night Music for chamber orchestra, a Short Symphony, and songs, five of which are settings of poems by Langston Hughes.

(born Sept. 15, 1857, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—died March 8, 1930, Washington, D.C.) 27th president of the U.S. (1909–13). He served on the Ohio superior court (1887–90), as U.S. solicitor general (1890–92), and as U.S. appellate judge (1892–1900). He was appointed head of the Philippine Commission to set up a civilian government in the islands and was the Philippines' first civilian governor (1901–04). He served as U.S. secretary of war (1904–08) under Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, who supported Taft's nomination for president in 1908. He won the election but became allied with the conservative Republicans, causing a rift with party progressives. He was again the nominee in 1912, but the split with Roosevelt and the Bull Moose Party resulted in the electoral victory of Woodrow Wilson. Taft later taught law at Yale University (1913–21), served on the National War Labor Board (1918), and was a supporter of the League of Nations. As chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1921–30), he introduced reforms that made the court more efficient. His important opinion in Myers v. U.S. (1926) upheld the president's authority to remove federal officials.

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(born Aug. 4, 1910, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Feb. 15, 1992, New York City) U.S. composer and administrator. He wrote songs in high school with his friend Frank Loesser. In 1930 he began studying composition with Roy Harris. He achieved success with his American Festival Overture (1939), and his Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song won the first Pulitzer Prize for music (1943). His other works include ballets for Martha Graham, the popular New England Triptych (1956), and 10 symphonies. As president of the Juilliard School (1945–62), he modernized its curriculum. As the first president of Lincoln Center (1962–68), he brought together several music organizations and established its Chamber Music Society and Mostly Mozart program.

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(born Dec. 31, 1853, Lewisburg, Pa., U.S.—died Nov. 9, 1930, Washington, D.C.) U.S. general. After attending West Point (1875), he served in various military assignments, including that of instructor at West Point and military attaché at the U.S. legation in Madrid. In the Spanish-American War, he was chief of staff under Gen. James H. Wilson in Puerto Rico; he later served in the Philippines (1905–09). As army chief of staff in 1917, he made the U.S. Army battle-ready for World War I and resisted attempts to divide the force among the various Allied commands. He was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference and an ardent supporter of U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

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(born Sept. 15, 1857, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.—died March 8, 1930, Washington, D.C.) 27th president of the U.S. (1909–13). He served on the Ohio superior court (1887–90), as U.S. solicitor general (1890–92), and as U.S. appellate judge (1892–1900). He was appointed head of the Philippine Commission to set up a civilian government in the islands and was the Philippines' first civilian governor (1901–04). He served as U.S. secretary of war (1904–08) under Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, who supported Taft's nomination for president in 1908. He won the election but became allied with the conservative Republicans, causing a rift with party progressives. He was again the nominee in 1912, but the split with Roosevelt and the Bull Moose Party resulted in the electoral victory of Woodrow Wilson. Taft later taught law at Yale University (1913–21), served on the National War Labor Board (1918), and was a supporter of the League of Nations. As chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1921–30), he introduced reforms that made the court more efficient. His important opinion in Myers v. U.S. (1926) upheld the president's authority to remove federal officials.

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(born Feb. 14, 1847, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Eng.—died July 2, 1919, Moylan, Pa., U.S.) U.S. minister and suffragist. She arrived in the U.S. with her family in 1851. By age 15 she was a frontier schoolteacher, and in 1880 she became the first woman minister of the Methodist Protestant Church. She took up the causes of temperance and woman suffrage in 1885 and became an important spokesperson for both. She earned a medical degree the next year and later served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1904–15). She performed home-front war work during World War I, for which she received the Distinguished Service Medal in 1919. She died shortly before women gained the right to vote.

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(born Aug. 4, 1910, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Feb. 15, 1992, New York City) U.S. composer and administrator. He wrote songs in high school with his friend Frank Loesser. In 1930 he began studying composition with Roy Harris. He achieved success with his American Festival Overture (1939), and his Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song won the first Pulitzer Prize for music (1943). His other works include ballets for Martha Graham, the popular New England Triptych (1956), and 10 symphonies. As president of the Juilliard School (1945–62), he modernized its curriculum. As the first president of Lincoln Center (1962–68), he brought together several music organizations and established its Chamber Music Society and Mostly Mozart program.

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(born Sept. 2, 1911, Charlotte, N.C., U.S.—died March 12, 1988, New York, N.Y.) U.S. painter. He studied at the Art Students League with George Grosz and at Columbia University. After military service in World War II, he attended the Sorbonne and traveled in Europe. During this time he achieved recognition for his complex semiabstract collages of photographs and painted paper on canvas. The narrative structure of his work is clear; aspects of African American culture, including ritual, music, and family, were his predominant themes. By the 1960s Bearden was recognized as the preeminent collagist in the U.S. He is regarded as one of the most important African American artists of the 20th century.

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(born Nov. 8, 1830, Leeds, Maine, U.S.—died Oct. 26, 1909, Burlington, Vt.) U.S. Army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in the American Civil War as a major general of Maine volunteers, fighting at Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. He commanded the Army of the Tennessee (1864) and marched with William T. Sherman through Georgia. During Reconstruction he was named commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. He helped found Howard University (1867), which was named in his honour, and served as its president (1869–74). He resigned to return to military service, fighting against the Indians (1877) and later serving as superintendent at West Point (1880–82).

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(born May 24, 1884, near Bethlehem, Ga., U.S.—died Nov. 8, 1954, Chapel Hill, N.C.) U.S. sociologist. In 1920 Odum joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina, where he established its departments of sociology and public welfare and founded the journal Social Forces (1922). His scholarly focus was folk sociology, particularly of Southern blacks, for whom he urged equal opportunity. His books include Southern Regions of the United States (1936) and American Regionalism (1938, with Harry Moore).

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(born Feb. 25, 1540, Shottesham, Norfolk, Eng.—died June 15, 1614, London) English noble noted for his intrigues in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Younger brother of the 4th duke of Norfolk, he was implicated in efforts to free Mary, Queen of Scots. He successfully sought favour with the Scottish king James VI, who, on his accession as James I of England, made Howard a privy councillor (1603) and earl of Northampton (1604). As a judge at the trials of Walter Raleigh (1603) and Guy Fawkes (1605), he pressed for conviction.

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(born March 1, 1920, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died July 5, 1991, University City, near St. Louis, Mo.) U.S. poet. He attended Harvard University and served as a pilot in World War II before teaching at various colleges, including Bennington. His verse, marked by irony and self-deprecatory wit, is often about nature; it appears in several volumes beginning with The Image and the Law (1947) and including Collected Poems (1977, Pulitzer Prize, National Book Award). His fiction includes The Homecoming Game (1957) and A Commodity of Dreams and Other Stories (1960). He was poet laureate of the U.S. (1988–90). His sister Diane Arbus was a notable photographer.

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(born July 26, 1939, Sydney, N.S.W., Austl.) Prime minister of Australia (1996–2007) and leader of the Liberal Party (1985–89, 1995–2007). Howard became a solicitor to the New South Wales Supreme Court in 1962. In 1974 he was elected to Parliament as a member of the Liberal Party and served under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser as minister for business and consumer affairs (1975–77) and as federal treasurer (1977–83). Howard became leader of the Liberal Party in 1985, but, after failing to unseat the Labor Party in 1987, he was defeated in his bid to retain leadership in 1989. He regained power in 1995 and engineered the defeat of Labor in the elections of March 1996. He was reelected in 1998, 2001, and 2004. In the 2007 general election, the Liberal Party was defeated by Labor, and Howard lost his seat in Parliament. Shortly thereafter, he stepped down as party leader.

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(born Dec. 24, 1905, Houston, Texas, U.S.—died April 5, 1976, in an airplane over southern Texas) U.S. manufacturer, aviator, and movie producer. He left college at age 17 to take control of his late father's Hughes Tool Company, which owned the patent to an oil-drilling tool; the company would form the future basis for Hughes's vast fortune. In the early 1930s he founded Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1935 he set a speed record of 352 mph (567 km/hr) in a plane he designed. In 1938 he flew around the world in a record 91 hours. In 1947 he built and piloted the only flight of a wooden eight-engine flying boat unflatteringly nicknamed “the Spruce Goose.” In the 1930s he produced several movies in Hollywood, and he owned RKO Pictures in the early 1950s. He held controlling stock in Trans World Airlines but was forced to sell it in 1966 following legal action. After about 1950 he became a famously eccentric recluse, and after his death his forged memoirs and his several wills became a source of scandal.

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(born Nov. 8, 1830, Leeds, Maine, U.S.—died Oct. 26, 1909, Burlington, Vt.) U.S. Army officer. He graduated from West Point and served in the American Civil War as a major general of Maine volunteers, fighting at Bull Run, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. He commanded the Army of the Tennessee (1864) and marched with William T. Sherman through Georgia. During Reconstruction he was named commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. He helped found Howard University (1867), which was named in his honour, and served as its president (1869–74). He resigned to return to military service, fighting against the Indians (1877) and later serving as superintendent at West Point (1880–82).

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(born July 26, 1939, Sydney, N.S.W., Austl.) Prime minister of Australia (1996–2007) and leader of the Liberal Party (1985–89, 1995–2007). Howard became a solicitor to the New South Wales Supreme Court in 1962. In 1974 he was elected to Parliament as a member of the Liberal Party and served under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser as minister for business and consumer affairs (1975–77) and as federal treasurer (1977–83). Howard became leader of the Liberal Party in 1985, but, after failing to unseat the Labor Party in 1987, he was defeated in his bid to retain leadership in 1989. He regained power in 1995 and engineered the defeat of Labor in the elections of March 1996. He was reelected in 1998, 2001, and 2004. In the 2007 general election, the Liberal Party was defeated by Labor, and Howard lost his seat in Parliament. Shortly thereafter, he stepped down as party leader.

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(born circa 1520—died Feb. 13, 1542, London, Eng.) Fifth wife of Henry VIII of England. The granddaughter of the 2nd duke of Norfolk, she became a maid of honour to Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife. After Henry had his marriage to Anne annulled, he married Catherine (1540). In 1541 he learned that Catherine had had several affairs before their marriage and that she also had probably committed adultery. Incensed, he had Parliament pass a bill in 1542 declaring it treason for an unchaste woman to marry the king. Catherine was beheaded two days later in the Tower of London.

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(born May 30, 1896, Goshen, Ind., U.S.—died Dec. 26, 1977, Palm Springs, Calif.) U.S. film director, screenwriter, and producer. He served as a pilot in World War I, then wrote screenplays in Hollywood (from 1922) and directed several projects before making his first major film, A Girl in Every Port (1928). A master technician and storyteller, he created a sense of intimacy by filming from eye level. He directed over 40 films (many of which he also produced and wrote) in a variety of genres: adventure (The Dawn Patrol, 1930), crime (Scarface, 1932), comedy (Bringing Up Baby, 1938), war (Sergeant York, 1941), musicals (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 1953), film noir (The Big Sleep, 1946), science fiction (The Thing, 1951), and westerns (Red River, 1948; Rio Bravo, 1959).

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(born May 24, 1884, near Bethlehem, Ga., U.S.—died Nov. 8, 1954, Chapel Hill, N.C.) U.S. sociologist. In 1920 Odum joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina, where he established its departments of sociology and public welfare and founded the journal Social Forces (1922). His scholarly focus was folk sociology, particularly of Southern blacks, for whom he urged equal opportunity. His books include Southern Regions of the United States (1936) and American Regionalism (1938, with Harry Moore).

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University in Washington, D.C., the most prominent African American educational institution in the U.S. It is financially supported by the U.S. government but is privately controlled. Though open to students of any ethnicity, it was founded (1867) with a special obligation to educate African American students. It has a college of liberal arts, a graduate school of arts and sciences, and schools or colleges of business and public administration, engineering, human ecology, medicine, dentistry, and law, among others. Its library is the leading research library on African American history.

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(born Dec. 24, 1905, Houston, Texas, U.S.—died April 5, 1976, in an airplane over southern Texas) U.S. manufacturer, aviator, and movie producer. He left college at age 17 to take control of his late father's Hughes Tool Company, which owned the patent to an oil-drilling tool; the company would form the future basis for Hughes's vast fortune. In the early 1930s he founded Hughes Aircraft Company. In 1935 he set a speed record of 352 mph (567 km/hr) in a plane he designed. In 1938 he flew around the world in a record 91 hours. In 1947 he built and piloted the only flight of a wooden eight-engine flying boat unflatteringly nicknamed “the Spruce Goose.” In the 1930s he produced several movies in Hollywood, and he owned RKO Pictures in the early 1950s. He held controlling stock in Trans World Airlines but was forced to sell it in 1966 following legal action. After about 1950 he became a famously eccentric recluse, and after his death his forged memoirs and his several wills became a source of scandal.

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(born March 1, 1920, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died July 5, 1991, University City, near St. Louis, Mo.) U.S. poet. He attended Harvard University and served as a pilot in World War II before teaching at various colleges, including Bennington. His verse, marked by irony and self-deprecatory wit, is often about nature; it appears in several volumes beginning with The Image and the Law (1947) and including Collected Poems (1977, Pulitzer Prize, National Book Award). His fiction includes The Homecoming Game (1957) and A Commodity of Dreams and Other Stories (1960). He was poet laureate of the U.S. (1988–90). His sister Diane Arbus was a notable photographer.

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(born May 30, 1896, Goshen, Ind., U.S.—died Dec. 26, 1977, Palm Springs, Calif.) U.S. film director, screenwriter, and producer. He served as a pilot in World War I, then wrote screenplays in Hollywood (from 1922) and directed several projects before making his first major film, A Girl in Every Port (1928). A master technician and storyteller, he created a sense of intimacy by filming from eye level. He directed over 40 films (many of which he also produced and wrote) in a variety of genres: adventure (The Dawn Patrol, 1930), crime (Scarface, 1932), comedy (Bringing Up Baby, 1938), war (Sergeant York, 1941), musicals (Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, 1953), film noir (The Big Sleep, 1946), science fiction (The Thing, 1951), and westerns (Red River, 1948; Rio Bravo, 1959).

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(born Oct. 28, 1896, Wahoo, Neb., U.S.—died Feb. 26, 1981, Rochester, N.Y.) U.S. composer, conductor, and educator. He was awarded the Rome Prize in 1921 and studied in Italy with Ottorino Respighi. Returning to the U.S., he became director of the Eastman School of Music (1924) and remained there 40 years, building the school into a world-renowned institution. Despite his keen scholarly interest in modern developments, his own music is neo-Romantic; he is best known for his seven symphonies—including the second (Romantic) and fourth (Requiem, Pulitzer Prize)—and his opera Merry Mount (1934).

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(born Oct. 28, 1896, Wahoo, Neb., U.S.—died Feb. 26, 1981, Rochester, N.Y.) U.S. composer, conductor, and educator. He was awarded the Rome Prize in 1921 and studied in Italy with Ottorino Respighi. Returning to the U.S., he became director of the Eastman School of Music (1924) and remained there 40 years, building the school into a world-renowned institution. Despite his keen scholarly interest in modern developments, his own music is neo-Romantic; he is best known for his seven symphonies—including the second (Romantic) and fourth (Requiem, Pulitzer Prize)—and his opera Merry Mount (1934).

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(born Feb. 25, 1540, Shottesham, Norfolk, Eng.—died June 15, 1614, London) English noble noted for his intrigues in the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Younger brother of the 4th duke of Norfolk, he was implicated in efforts to free Mary, Queen of Scots. He successfully sought favour with the Scottish king James VI, who, on his accession as James I of England, made Howard a privy councillor (1603) and earl of Northampton (1604). As a judge at the trials of Walter Raleigh (1603) and Guy Fawkes (1605), he pressed for conviction.

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(born Dec. 18, 1890, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Jan. 31/Feb. 1, 1954, New York City) U.S. inventor. He studied at Columbia University, where he devised a feedback circuit that brought in signals with a thousandfold amplification (1912). At its highest amplification, the circuit shifted from being a receiver to being a primary generator of radio waves, and as such it is at the heart of all radio and television broadcasting. It earned him the Franklin Medal, the highest U.S. scientific honour. His 1933 invention of circuits that produced the carrier waves for frequency modulation (FM) made high-fidelity broadcasting possible.

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(born Dec. 31, 1853, Lewisburg, Pa., U.S.—died Nov. 9, 1930, Washington, D.C.) U.S. general. After attending West Point (1875), he served in various military assignments, including that of instructor at West Point and military attaché at the U.S. legation in Madrid. In the Spanish-American War, he was chief of staff under Gen. James H. Wilson in Puerto Rico; he later served in the Philippines (1905–09). As army chief of staff in 1917, he made the U.S. Army battle-ready for World War I and resisted attempts to divide the force among the various Allied commands. He was a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference and an ardent supporter of U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

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(born Sept. 2, 1911, Charlotte, N.C., U.S.—died March 12, 1988, New York, N.Y.) U.S. painter. He studied at the Art Students League with George Grosz and at Columbia University. After military service in World War II, he attended the Sorbonne and traveled in Europe. During this time he achieved recognition for his complex semiabstract collages of photographs and painted paper on canvas. The narrative structure of his work is clear; aspects of African American culture, including ritual, music, and family, were his predominant themes. By the 1960s Bearden was recognized as the preeminent collagist in the U.S. He is regarded as one of the most important African American artists of the 20th century.

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(born Dec. 18, 1890, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Jan. 31/Feb. 1, 1954, New York City) U.S. inventor. He studied at Columbia University, where he devised a feedback circuit that brought in signals with a thousandfold amplification (1912). At its highest amplification, the circuit shifted from being a receiver to being a primary generator of radio waves, and as such it is at the heart of all radio and television broadcasting. It earned him the Franklin Medal, the highest U.S. scientific honour. His 1933 invention of circuits that produced the carrier waves for frequency modulation (FM) made high-fidelity broadcasting possible.

Learn more about Armstrong, Edwin H(oward) with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Feb. 14, 1847, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Eng.—died July 2, 1919, Moylan, Pa., U.S.) U.S. minister and suffragist. She arrived in the U.S. with her family in 1851. By age 15 she was a frontier schoolteacher, and in 1880 she became the first woman minister of the Methodist Protestant Church. She took up the causes of temperance and woman suffrage in 1885 and became an important spokesperson for both. She earned a medical degree the next year and later served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1904–15). She performed home-front war work during World War I, for which she received the Distinguished Service Medal in 1919. She died shortly before women gained the right to vote.

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Howard is a popular English language occupational given name of Old English origin, meaning "noble watchman". Its nickname is "Howie" and its shortened form is "Ward" (most common in the 19th century). Between 1900-1960, Howard ranked in the U.S. Top 200; between 1960-1990, it ranked in the U.S. Top 400; between 1990-2004, it ranked in the U.S. Top 600. People with the given name Howard or its variants include:

Howard, given name

• Howard "Halifax" Brown (?-), British advert singer
• Howard Cosell (1918 - 1995), sports broadcaster
• Howard Dean (born 1948), American politician
• Howard Donald (born 1968), English singer with Take That
• Howard Goodall (born 1958), British musician, musicologist and TV presenter
• Howard Grant (born 1966), Jamaican-Canadian boxer
• Howard Hughes (1905 - 1976), American aviation pioneer and film mogul
• Howard Jones (musician) (born 1955), English
• Howard Judd (born 1935 - 2007), American physician and medical researcher
• Howard Lederer (born 1964), professional poker player
• Howard Shore (born 1946) Canadian film-score composer
• Howard Stern (born 1954), American talk-radio host
• Howard K. Stern (born 1968), attorney for Anna Nicole Smith
• H. P. Lovecraft (1890 - 1937), American writer

Howie, nickname

• Howie B (born 1963), Scottish musician and producer
• Howie Carr (born 1952), American journalist
• Howie Day (born 1981), American singer-songwriter
• Howie Dorough (born 1973), American musician with Backstreet Boys
• Howie Epstein (1955 - 2003), American musician
• Howie Hawkins, American politician and activist
• Howie Long (born 1960), American football player
• Howie Mandel (born 1955), Canadian comedian and actor
• Howie Meeker (born 1924), Canadian hockey player, TV sports announcer, Member of Parliament
• Howie Morenz (1902 – 1937), Canadian ice hockey player
• Howie Nave (born 1956), American comedian, radio personality, writer, promoter and movie critic
• Howie Rose (born 1954), American sportscaster
• Howie Winter (born 1929), American mobster

Ward, shortened form

• Ward Burton (born 1961), American NASCAR racer
• Ward Christensen, American computer programmer and creator of the Xmodem and the first BBS
• Ward Cunningham (born 1949), American founder of WikiWikiWeb
• Ward Connerly (born 1939), American writer and political activist
• Ward Churchill (born 1947), American controversial writer and political activist
• Ward Weaver III (born 1963), American convicted felon

References