Historical states of Italy

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Italy until the present era was a conglomeration of city-states and small independent nations. The following is a list of the various states that made up what we now know as Italy during the past. (rounded up to a year significant to Italian history in each case).

Antiquity

Middle Ages

States of the Holy Roman Empire

Independent states

Lombard Kingdom
Emirate of Sicily
Kingdom of Sicily
Terra Sancti Benedicti
Patriarchy of Aquileia (Patrie dal Friûl)

Main independent communes

Duchies and other entities of former Byzantine Empire appartenance

Italy in the year 1494

Before the beginning of the Italian Wars

Kingdom of Naples (independent Aragonese dinasty)
Kingdom of Sicily (to Aragon)
Kingdom of Sardinia (to Aragon)
Papal States
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
Duchy of Milan (Sforza, to France 1499-1522, to Spain from 1535)
Duchy of Ferrara (Este)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (in personal union with Ferrara)
Duchy of Urbino (Montefeltro)
Marquisate of Massa (Malaspina)
Marquisate of Saluzzo (Aleramici, to France 1548)
Marquisate of Montferrat (Paleologi, in personal union with Mantua 1533)
Marquisate of Mantua (Gonzaga)
Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto)
County of Gorizia (annexed to Austria in 1500)
County of Guastalla (Torelli, sold to a junior branch of the Gonzaga 1539)
County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli of Montechiarugolo)
County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
County of Correggio (da Correggio)
County of Pitigliano (Orsini)
County of Santa Fiora (Sforza of S.Fiora)
Stato Landi (Landi)
Stato Pallavicino (Pallavicino)
Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione)
Mirandola (Pico)
Carpi (Pio di Savoia)
Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia)
Bologna (Bentivoglio)
Faenza (Manfredi)
Rimini (Malatesta)
Forlì (Riario)
Pesaro (Sforza of Pesaro)
Matelica (Ottoni)
Camerino (da Varano, duchy from 1515, confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1539)
Imperial Fiefdoms
Republic of Ancona (to the Papal States in 1532)
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Lucca
Republic of Florence (actually under the lordship of the Medici, duchy from 1532)
Republic of Siena (incorporated to the Duchy of Florence 1555)
Republic of Venice

Italy in the year 1559

After the Peace of Cateau - Cambresis:

Kingdom of Naples (under Spain)
Kingdom of Sicily (under Spain)
Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spain)
Papal States
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
Duchy of Milan (under Spain)
Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese)
Duchy of Ferrara (Este; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1598)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este; in personal union with Ferrara until 1598)
Duchy of Florence (Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1569) (Medici)
Duchy of Urbino (Della Rovere; incorporated to the Papal States 1631)
Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1649)
Marquisate of Montferrat (in personal union with Mantua; duchy from 1574)
Marquisate of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; principality from 1577)
Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto; to Spain 1602)
Marquisate of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; principality from 1568)
County of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla)
County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli; to Parma 1612)
County of Correggio (da Correggio; principality from 1616, confiscated and ceded to Modena by the Emperor 1631)
County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
County of Pitigliano (Orsini; acquired by Tuscany in 1604)
County of Santa Fiora (Sforza; acquired by Tuscany in 1633)
State Pallavicino (Pallavicino; to Parma 1636)
Stato Landi (Landi)
Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; marquisate from 1579, principality from 1659)
Piombino (Appiani; principality from 1594)
Sabbioneta (Gonzaga of Bozzolo; duchy from 1577, sold to Spain in 1629)
Mirandola (Pico; principality from 1596, duchy from 1617)
Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia; to Modena 1599)
Imperial Fiefdoms (small, independent lordships generally under members of the Genoese nobility)
Saluzzo (under France; to Savoy from 1601)
Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
State of Presidi (to Naples)
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Lucca
Republic of San Marino

Italy in the year 1659

After the treaty of the Pirenees

Kingdom of Naples (to Spain until 1707; to Austria from 1707 to 1734 then under a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons
Kingdom of Sicily (to Spain until 1707; to Austria 1707-1714 and 1720-1734; to Savoy 1714-1720; in personal union with Naples thereafter)
Kingdom of Sardinia (to Spain until 1714; to Austria 1714-1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)
Papal States
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici until 1737; Habsburg-Lorraine thereafter)
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
Prince-Bishopric of Trent
Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
Duchy of Montferrat (to Mantua until 1707, then to Savoy)
Duchy of Milan (to Spain until 1706, then to Austria; the union of Milan and Mantua in 1737 created the Austrian Lombardy)
Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga until the imperial confiscation in 1707, then to Austria; Austrian Lombardy from 1737)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese until 1731; Bourbons 1731-1734; to Austria 1734-1748 then to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons)
Duchy of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla until their extinction in 1746; in personal union with Parma from 1748)
Duchy of Mirandola (Pico until the imperial confiscation in 1707; to Austria 1707-1711; to Modena from 1711)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este)
Principality of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; sold to Savoy in 1767)
Principality of Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; confiscated by the Emperor 1691)
Principality of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; duchy from 1664; in personal union with Modena from 1731)
Principality of Piombino (Ludovisi until 1733, Boncompagni-Ludovisi thereafter)
County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara until their extinction in 1728; to Modena from 1737)
Stato Landi (Landi until 1679, Doria 1679-1682, then to Parma)
Imperial Fiefdoms
Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
State of Presidi (to Naples)
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Lucca
Republic of S.Marino

Italy in the year 1796

Before the Napoleonic period

Kingdom of Naples (Bourbons of Naples, King Ferdinand IV) (merged with Sicily in 1816 to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
Kingdom of Sicily (in personal union with Naples; after 1816 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
Kingdom of Sardinia (inclusive of the Duchy of Savoy, Savoia, King Vittorio Amedeo III)
Papal States (Pope Pius VI)
Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
Prince-Bishopric of Trent (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III)
Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (Bourbons of Parma, Duke Ferdinando I)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este, Duke Ercole III)
Duchy of Massa (personal union with Modena)
Principality of Piombino (Boncompagni, Prince Antonio II) (after 1815 part of Tuscany)
Austrian Lombardy (direct Austrian control)
Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons; after 1816 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
Republic of Venice (abolished 1797; after 1815 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
Republic of Genoa (after 1815 to Sardinia)
Republic of Lucca (after 1815 independent duchy)
Republic of San Marino
State of Presidi (to Naples; after 1815 to Tuscany)

Italy in Napoleonic times (1796 - 1814)

After Napoleon’s invasion of Italy:

Republic of Alba (1796 - 1801), annexed to France
Cispadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
Transpadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
Ligurian Republic (1797 - 1805), annexed to France
Republic of Bergamo (1797)
Republic of Brescia (1797)
Republic of Crema (1797)
Bolognese Republic (1798)
Cisalpine Republic (1797 - 1802) transformed into the Italian Republic
Republic of Ancona (1797 - 1798), joined Roman Republic
Roman Republic (1798 - 1800) capital Rome
Tiberina Republic (1798 - 1799) capital Perugia, joined Roman Republic
Parthenopaean Republic (1799) capital Naples
Subalpine Republic (1800 - 1802)
Kingdom of Etruria (1801 - 1807) annexed to France
Italian Republic (1802 - 1805)
Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Kingdom of Italy (1805 - 1814)
Kingdom of Naples (under French rulers 1806-1815)

Italy in the year 1816

After the Congress of Vienna:

Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele I; ceded Savoy and Nice to France in 1860; became Kingdom of Italy 1861)
Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; lost most of Lombardy to Sardinia in 1859)
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Bourbon of Sicily and Naples, later Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, King Ferdinand I; incorporated into Sardinia 1860-1861)
Papal States (Pope Pius VII; lost most of its territories to Sardinia 1859-1860)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III; incorporated to Sardinia 1859)
Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (under Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon, for her lifetime. After her death in 1847, Parma and Piacenza devolve upon the House of Bourbon-Parma, Guastalla on the Duke of Modena; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Austria-Este, Duke Francis IV; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
Duchy of Lucca (Bourbon-Parma, Duchess Marie Louise; when they return to Parma in 1847, annexed by Tuscany)
Duchy of Massa and Carrara (annexed to the Duchy of Modena in 1829)
Republic of San Marino
Trentino-Alto Adige, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire)

Italy in the year 1861

After the unification

Kingdom of Italy (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele II)
Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; incorporated into Italy 1866)
Republic of San Marino
Papal States (Pope Pius IX; last territories with Rome incorporated into Italy 1870)
Trentino-Alto Adige, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire, incorporated into Italy 1918)

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