Gunnar

Jarring, Gunnar, 1907-, Swedish diplomat. He entered diplomatic service during World War II and was minister to India (1948-51), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka; 1950-51), and Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan (1951-52). In 1956, he became Sweden's ambassador and permanent delegate to the United Nations. He later served as ambassador to the United States (1958-64) and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1964-73). He was special envoy to the UN Secretary-General on the Middle East (1967-90), holding extensive talks with Arab and Israeli leaders.

Ekelöf, Gunnar, 1907-68, Swedish poet. Ekelöf's lifelong interest in mysticism was evident in his first book, Late Arrival on Earth (1932, tr. 1967), a collection of surrealist poems. Later works, such as Ferry Song (1941), involved the conflict between mystical experience and reason. In A Mölna Elegy (1960, tr. 1979) and later in Diwan over the Prince of Emigión (1965) and The Tale of Fatumeh (1966), Ekelöf explored the subjective experience of time. In the 1940s and 50s he experimented with the application of musical forms to verse. His work is admired for its diversity and seriousness; its influence on Swedish poetry has been great.

Myrdal, Gunnar, 1898-1987, Swedish economist, sociologist, and public official; husband of Alva Myrdal. A graduate (1927) of the Univ. of Stockholm, he became lecturer (1927) and professor (1931) of economics there. His Crisis in the Population Question (1934), written with his wife, stimulated general welfare measures, which Myrdal helped to shape as a member (1933-38) of various government commissions. For the Carnegie Corp. of America he headed (1938-42) a study of race relations in America that resulted in the exhaustively detailed An American Dilemma (1944, new ed. 1962), written in collaboration with R. M. E. Sterner and Arnold Rose. It examined racial problems in the United States and concluded that they were inextricably entwined with the democratic functioning of American society. Myrdal was Swedish secretary of commerce (1945-47) and executive secretary (1947-57) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. In Rich Lands and Poor (1957) he advocated greater aid for the economic development of the poorer nations, and in Asian Drama (3 vol., 1968) he analyzed the social and economic factors affecting the governments of Asia. A foremost expert on the Swedish economy, he also wrote studies such as The Cost of Living in Sweden, 1830-1930 (1933, tr. 1933). He shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Gunnarsson, Gunnar, 1889-1975, Icelandic novelist. Gunnarsson lived abroad until 1939, when he returned to Iceland. Through his early works, written in Danish, he helped interest Europeans in Icelandic culture. Guest the One-eyed (4 vol., 1912-14; tr. 1920) is an Icelandic family saga; Seven Days' Darkness (1920, tr. 1930) concerns the problem of war. The Heath Laments (1940) and Sonata on the Sea (1954) are written in Icelandic. His masterpiece, the semiautobiographical Church on the Mountain (5 vol., 1923-28), illustrates his rich imagination and poetic skill. It was partly translated as Ships in the Sky (1938) and The Night and the Dream (1938). Among his later works that have been translated into English is Black Cliffs (1967).

(born Dec. 6, 1898, Gustafs, Dalarna, Swed.—died May 17, 1987, Stockholm) Swedish economist and sociologist. He received his Ph.D. from Stockholm University and taught there from 1933 until 1967. His early work emphasized pure theory, but he later focused on applied economics and social problems. He explored the social and economic problems of African Americans in the U.S. (1938–40) and in 1944 published the classic study An American Dilemma, in which he presented his theory that poverty breeds poverty. In regard to development economics, he argued that rich and poor countries, rather than converging economically, might well diverge, the poor countries becoming poorer as the rich countries enjoyed economies of scale and the poor ones were forced to rely on primary products. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with Friedrich von Hayek. His wife, Alva Myrdal (1902–86), was a sociologist, diplomat, UN administrator, and antiwar activist; she shared the 1982 Nobel Peace Prize with Alfonso García Robles.

Learn more about Myrdal, (Karl) Gunnar with a free trial on Britannica.com.

(born Sept. 22, 1885, Stockholm, Swed.—died Oct. 20, 1940, Stockholm) Swedish architect. His work shows the historically important transition from Neoclassical architecture to Modernism. By 1928, influenced by Le Corbusier, he had turned from a retrospective style to a new vision for architecture. He planned the Stockholm Exposition of 1930, a place of futuristic, glassy pavilions that had a significant influence on subsequent exhibition architecture. His Woodland Crematorium, Stockholm (1935–40), with its spare Neoclassical colonnade surrounded by meadows, is admired by Classicists and Modernists alike.

Learn more about Asplund, (Erik) Gunnar with a free trial on Britannica.com.

The were probably two Gunnar's bridge runestones at Kullerstad in Östergötland, Sweden, where a man named Håkon dedicated a bridge to the memory of his son Gunnar. The second stone was discovered in a church only 500 metres away and is presently raised in the cemetery. The second stone informs that Håkon raised more than one stone in memory of his son and that the son died in the West.

Ög 162

Although the messages of most runestones are formulaic, some of them convey the sadness of those who raised them in memory of lost family members, like this runestone.

Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

+ hakun + karþi + bru + þasi + ian + su skal + haita + kunas + bru + iai saR + uaR × sua + hakunaR +

Transcription into Old Norse

Hakon gærði bro þessi, en su skal hæita Gunnars bro, en saR vaR sunn HakonaR.

Translation in English

Hákon made this bridge and it will be called Gunnarr's bridge. And he was Hákon's son.

Ög Fv1970;310

This runestone was found in the exterior wall of the church of Kullerstad, in 1969, and it is presently raised in the cemetery. It informs that Håkon raised more than one memorial for his son and that he died in the West.

Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters

hakun + raiþi × kuml × þausi × eftiR × kunar + sun × sin × han × uarþ × taurþ × uastr +

Transcription into Old Norse

Hakon ræisþi kumbl þausi æftiR Gunnar, sun sinn. Hann varð dauðr vestr.

Translation in English

Hákon raised these monuments in memory of Gunnarr, his son. He died in the west.

Notes

Sources

• Larsson, Mats G (2002). Götarnas Riken : Upptäcktsfärder Till Sveriges Enande. Bokförlaget Atlantis AB ISBN 9789174866414
• Rundata
• Kulturarv Östergötland, a site maintained by the County Museum of Östergötland.

External links

• An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark, at the university of Nottingham