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Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death

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Wikipedia

This is the timeline of the Universe from Big Bang to Heat Death scenario. The different Eras of the Universe are shown. Be sure not to mix up The Dark Era with the Dark Ages. ImageSize = width:840 height:2000 PlotArea = left:40 right:235 bottom:75 top:75

Colors =

 id:period1  value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light yellow

 id:period2  value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light blue

 id:events   value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple

 id:era1     Value:yellowgreen

 id:era2     value:lightorange

 id:time1    Value:coral

 id:time2    Value:lavender

DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-171 till:300 TimeAxis = format:yyyy orientation:vertical # order:reverse does not work ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-170 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-171

AlignBars = justify

BarData =

 bar:Clock

 bar:Dummy1

 bar:Era

 bar:Dummy2

 bar:Dummy3

 bar:Periods

 bar:Dummy4

 bar:Events

TextData =

 fontsize:M

 pos:(365,75)

 text:"Planck epoch"

pos:(210,50)

 pos:(205,50)

 text:"Big Bang"

 pos:(20,50)

 text:"0: Linear time"

 pos:(10,1980)

 text:"Double-logaritmic time:"

 text:"100*log log year"

 pos:(200,1960)

 text:"Heat Death"

PlotData=

 textcolor:black  fontsize:M

 width:90

 bar:Clock  color:events  align:right  shift:(43,3)  mark:(line,teal)

 at:-171  text:"10E-43 seconds"

at:-141
at:-135

 at:-129  text:"One picosecond"

at:-122 text:"One nanosecond"

 at:-113  text:"One microsecond"

at:-102 shift:(43,-13) text:"One millisecond"

 at:-100  text:"10E-10 years"

 at:-88  text:"One second"

 at:-60  text:"One hour"

 at:0  text:"One year"

 at:48  text:"One thousand years"

 at:78  text:"One million years"

 at:95  text:"One billion years"

 at:100  text:"10E10 years"

 at:108  text:"One trillion years"

 at:118  text:"One quadrillion years"

at:126
at:132

 at:200  text:"10E100 years"

at:200 text:"10¹⁰⁰ years"

 at:300  shift:(43,-13)  text:"10E1000 years"

 width:55

 bar:Dummy1

 width:130

 bar:Era  mark:(line,white)  align:center  shift:(0,0)

 from:-171  till:90  color:era1  text:"The Primordial Era" # or end at one million? stelliferous without stars?

 from:90  till:115  color:era2  text:"The Stelliferous Era~ZOOM  IN"

 from:115  till:160  color:era1  text:"The Degenerate Era"

 from:160  till:200  color:era2  text:"The Black Hole Era"

 from:200  till:300  color:era1  text:"The Dark Era"

 width:55

 bar:Dummy2

 bar:Dummy3

 width:165

 bar:Periods  align:center  shift:(0,0)  mark:(line,white)

 from:-171  till:-164  color:period1  text:Grand unification epoch  # end at 10-37 seconds, not 10-33?

 from:-164  till:-129  color:period2  text:Electroweak epoch

 from:-129  till:-113  color:period1  text:Quark epoch

 from:-113  till:-88 shift:(-40,0) align:left  color:period2  text:Hadron epoch                            Formation of hydrogen nuclei

 from:-88   till:-72  color:period1  shift:(0,0)  text:Lepton epoch

 from:-72   till:75  color:period2  shift:(0,0)  text:Photon epoch

 from:75  till:90  color:period1  text:"Dark Ages"

 from:90  till:93  color:period2  text:"Reionization" # 100-400 million years

 from:100   till:101  color:period1  text:"Life on Earth~ZOOM  IN  MORE"

 width:55

 bar:Dummy4

 width:55

 mark:(line,purple)  textcolor:black  fontsize:M

 bar:Events  color:events  align:left  shift:(30,-2)

 at:-171 shift:(30,-15) text:"Planck time, the smallest observable unit of time ~and the time before which science is unable to ~describe the universe.  At this point, the force of ~gravity separated from the electronuclear force."

 at:-164 shift:(30,-10)  text:"Separation of the strong force from the ~electronuclear force."

 from:-164 till:-160 align:left shift:(-55,-3) color:time1  text:"Inflationary epoch. The Universe expands exponentially"

 at:-160 shift:(30,20)  text:"Reheating after inflation populates universe ~with quarks and anti-quarks."

 at:-129                text:"The weak force separates from the ~electromagnetic force resulting in the four ~separate forces we know today."

 at:-113                text:"Quarks become confined within hadrons."

 at:-88                 text:"Neutrinos cease to interact with other particles."

 at:-72  shift:(30,-11) text:"Lepton/anti-lepton pairs annihilate."

 from:-72  till:-65  align:center shift:(0,0) color:time2  text:"Big Bang nucleosynthesis"

 at:-65  shift:(30,0)  text:"3 to 20 minutes: Formation of helium nuclei"

 at: 69  shift:(30,-14) text:"70,000 years: Matter domination"

 from:73 till:74 shift:(-65,-5) color:time1 mark:(line,white) text:"Recombination"

 at:75  shift:(30,35) text:"379,000 years: Hydrogen and helium nuclei ~capture electrons to form stable atoms. Photons ~are no longer able to interact strongly with atoms. ~Cosmic microwave background radiation streams ~freely."

 at:90  text:"100 million years. First star began to shine."

 at: 94  text:"600 million years. Formation of the first galaxy"

at:98 text:"4 billion years. Earliest Population I stars"

 at:100  text:"9.1 billion years. Formation of the Sun"  shift:(30,-10)

 at:101  mark:(line,magenta)  text:"13.7 billion years: this present day"

at:101 text:"19.1 billion years Sun becomes a red giant"

 at:115  text:"Formation of new stars ceases.~Stars cease to fuse."  shift:(30,-7)

 at:118  text:"Solar systems no longer exists. Planets flung out~of orbit or consumed by larger bodies. Sun has~become a Black Dwarf."  shift:(30,26)

 at:130  text:"Galaxies no longer exist. Stars flung out of orbit~or consumed by black holes."  shift:(30,11)

 at:156  text:"Half of all protons have decayed."

 at:160  shift:(30,10)  text:"All protons decay. The matter that stars and life~was built of no longer exists."

 at:182  text:"A black hole with the mass of the Sun~has evaporated."

 at:200  text:"A supermassive black hole with mass~10 billion solar masses has evaporated."

Usually the logarithmic scale is used for such timelines but it compresses the most interesting Stelliferous Era too much as this example shows. Therefore a double-logarithmic scale s (s*100 in the graphics) is used instead. The minimum of it is unfortunately only 1, not 0 as needed, and the negative outputs for inputs smaller than 10 are useless. Therefore the time from 0.1 to 10 years is collapsed to a single point 0, but that doesn't matter in this case because nothing special happens in the history of the universe during that time.

s =

begin{cases} log_{10} log_{10} year & mbox{if } year > 10 mbox{ , corresponding to } year = 10^{10^{s}} 0 & mbox{if } 0.1 le year le 10 -log_{10} (-log_{10} year) & mbox{if } year < 0.1 mbox{ , corresponding to } year = 10^{-10^{-s}} end{cases}

Comparison of log₁₀ and log₁₀log₁₀ scales
year	log₁₀ year	combination of log₁₀log₁₀ year and -log₁₀(-log₁₀ year)
10¹⁰⁰⁰	1000	3
10¹⁰⁰	100	2
10¹⁰	10	1
10²	2	0.30
10¹	1	0
10⁰	0	undefined but here forced to 0
10^-1	-1	0
10^-2	-2	-0.30
10^-10	-10	-1
10^-100	-100	-2

The seconds in the timescale have been converted to years by $second / 31 557 600$ using the Julian year.

See also