Definitions

# Fuzzy subalgebra

Fuzzy subalgebras theory is a chapter of fuzzy set theory. It is obtained from an interpretation in a multi-valued logic of axioms usually expressing the notion of subalgebra of a given algebraic structure. Indeed, consider a first order language for algebraic structures with a monadic predicate symbol S. Then a fuzzy subalgebra, is a fuzzy model of a theory containing, for any n-ary operation name h, the axiom

A1 ∀x1..., ∀xn(S(x1)∧.....∧ S(xn) → S(h(x1,...,xn))

and, for any constant c, the axiom

A2 S(c).

A1 expresses the closure of S with respect to the operation h, A2 expresses the fact that c is an element in S. As an example, assume that the valuation structure is defined in [0,1] and denote by $odot$ the operation in [0,1] used to interpret the conjunction. Then it is easy to see that a fuzzy subalgebra of an algebraic structure whose domain is D is defined by a fuzzy subset s : D → [0,1] of D such that, for every d1,...,dn in D, if h is the interpretation of the n-ary operation symbol h, then

i) s(d1)$odot... odot$s(dn)≤ s(h(d1,...,dn))

Moreover, if c is the interpretation of a constant c

ii) s(c) = 1.

A largely studied class of fuzzy subalgebras is the one in which the operation $odot$ coincides with the minimum. In such a case it is immediate to prove the following proposition.

Proposition. A fuzzy subset s of an algebraic structure defines a fuzzy subalgebra if and only if for every λ in [0,1], the closed cut {x $in$ D : s(x)≥ λ} of s is a subalgebra.

The fuzzy subgroups and the fuzzy submonoids are particularly interesting classes of fuzzy subalgebras. In such a case a fuzzy subset s of a monoid (M,•,u) is a fuzzy submonoid if and only if

`    1)     s(u) =1`
`    2)     s(x)$odot$s(y) ≤ s(x•y)`
where u is the neutral element in A. Given a group G, a fuzzy subgroup of G is a fuzzy submonoid s of G such that
`    3)     s(x) ≤ s(x-1).`
It is possible to prove that the notion of fuzzy subgroup is strictly related with the notions of fuzzy equivalence. In fact, assume that S is a set, G a group of transformations in S and (G,s) a fuzzy subgroup of G. Then, by setting

e(x,y) = Sup{s(h) : h is an element in G such that h(x) = y}

we obtain a fuzzy equivalence. Conversely, let e be a fuzzy equivalence in S and, for every transformation h of S, set

s(h)= Inf{e(x,h(x)): x$in$S}.

Then s defines a fuzzy subgroup of transformation in S. In a similar way we can relate the fuzzy submonoids with the fuzzy orders.

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