Fezzan

Fezzan: see Fazzan, historic region, Libya.

Arabic Fazzān ancient Phazania

Historic region, southwestern Libya. A part of the Sahara, most of its inhabitants dwell in oases in the interior. Central and southern Fezzan are noted for the cultivation of date palms, which cover several hundred thousand acres scattered in numerous oases. It was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and by the Arabs in the 7th century AD. The Ottomans made it part of their empire in 1842. Fezzan was amalgamated with Tripolitania and Cyrenaica by the Italians in 1912, and it later became a province of the United Kingdom of Libya (1951–63). Thereafter it was part of Libya.

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Fezzan (Arabic: فزان transliterated: Fuzzan) (Latin name Phasania) is a south-western region of modern Libya. It is largely desert but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (wadis) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable Sahara.

Administrative division

Fezzan was formerly a Province ("muhafazah" or "wilayah") of Libya (alongside Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ), in the system of administrative divisions abolished in the early 1970s in favor of smaller municipalities or "baladiyah". The "Baladiyat"-system was subsequently changed many times and has lately become the "Sha'biyat"-system. The former Fezzan province contains the Municipalities_of_Libya (Sha'biyat) of Wadi Al Shatii, Wadi Al Hayaa, Al Jufrah, Murzuq, Sabha and Ghat_Municipality. The former capitol and still largest city is Sabha.

Geography and population

Fezzan is crossed in the north by the Ash-Shati Valley (Wadi Al Shatii) and in the west by the Wadi Irawan. These two areas, along with portions of the Tibesti Mountains crossing the Chadian border and a sprinkling of remote oases and border posts, are the only parts of the Fezzan able to support settled populations. Large dune seas (Erg_(landform)) cover much of the remaining land. The region's inhabitants include the nomadic Tuareg in the southwest and the Toubou in the southeast. These pastoralist populations often cross the borders of Algeria, Chad and Niger freely. In the north, Arab, Berber and settled Tuareg and Toubou mix. While making up some 30% of the land area of Libya, the Fezzan supports little of its population. Despite this, large towns like Shaba, survive on near surface water in the wadis of the north and west.

History

From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century of the modern era, the Fezzan was home to the Garamantian Empire, a city state which operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes between the Carthaginians -- and later the Roman Empire -- and Sahelian states of west and central Africa. During the 13th and 14th century, portions of the Fezzan were part of the Kanem Empire, while the Ottoman rulers of North Africa asserted their contol over the region in the 17th century.

Beginning in 1911 the Fezzan was occupied by Italy: their control of the region was precarious until at least 1923, with the rise of the Italian Fascist regime. The Italians were resisted in their early attempts at conquest by Berber and Arab adherents to the militant Sanusiya Sufi religious order. The Tuareg clans of the region were only ever nominally pacified by European expansion before the Second World War.

Free French troops occupied Murzuk, a chief town of Fezzan, on 16 January 1943 and the area was under French military control until 1951 when Fezzan became part of the Kingdom of Libya.

See also

Administrative divisions in Libya

External links

• Map from Google showing a large area of Fezzan and its important cities.
• Map of Fezzan from Encarta online.
• Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.
• Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.
• Lexiorient.com's article on Fezzan.