The first version of Exim was written in 1995 by Philip Hazel for use in the University of Cambridge Computing Service’s e-mail systems. The name initially stood for EXperimental Internet Mailer. It was originally based on an older MTA, Smail-3, but it has since diverged from Smail-3 in its design and philosophy.

Exim, like Smail, still follows the Sendmail design model, where a single binary controls all the facilities of the MTA. This monolithic design is generally considered to be inherently less secure, largely due to the lack of separation between the individual components of the system. Nevertheless, Exim’s security record has been fairly clean, with only a handful of serious security problems diagnosed over the years. There have been no serious issues since the redesigned version 4 was released. This is probably due to having been written from scratch and with security in mind (the security issues with Sendmail have long been well known).

Exim is highly configurable, and therefore has features that are lacking in other MTAs. It has always had substantial facilities for mail policy controls, providing facilities for the administrator to control who may send or relay mail through the system. In version 4.x this has matured to an Access Control List based system allowing very detailed and flexible controls. The integration of a framework for content scanning, which allowed for easier integration of anti-virus and anti-spam measures, happened in the 4.x releases. This made Exim very suitable for enforcing diverse mail policies.

The configuration is done through one or more configuration files, which must include the main section with generic settings and variables, as well as the following optional sections:

• the access control list (ACL) section which defines behaviour during the SMTP sessions,
• the routers section which includes a number of processing elements which operate on addresses (the delivery logic),
• the transports section which includes processing elements which transmit actual messages to destinations,
• the retry section where policy on retrying messages that fail to get delivered at the first attempt is defined,
• the rewrite section, defining if and how the mail system will rewrite addresses on incoming e-mails
• the authenticators section with settings for SMTP AUTH.

Exim has been deployed in busy environments, often handling thousands of emails per hour efficiently. Exim is designed to deliver email immediately, without queueing. However, its queue processing performance is comparatively poor when queues are large (which happens rarely on typical low-traffic sites, but can happen regularly on high-traffic sites). Unlike qmail, Postfix, and ZMailer, Exim does not have a central queue manager (i.e. an equivalent of qmail-send, qmgr, or scheduler). There is thus no centralized load balancing, either of queue processing (leading to disproportionate amounts of time being spent on processing the same queue entries repeatedly) or of system-wide remote transport concurrency (leading to a "thundering herd" problem when multiple messages addressed to a single domain are submitted at once). In Philip Hazel's own words:

"The bottom line is that Exim does not perform particularly well in environments where the queue regularly gets very large. It was never designed for this; deliveries from the queue were always intended to be 'exceptions' rather than the norm."

In 1997, Philip Hazel replaced Exim's POSIX regular expression library written by Henry Spencer with a new library he developed called PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions). Perl regular expressions are much more powerful than POSIX and other common regular expressions, and PCRE has become popular in applications other than Exim.

Exim is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public Licence. It has been ported to most Unix-like systems, as well as to Microsoft Windows using the Cygwin emulation layer. Exim 4 is currently the default MTA on Debian GNU/Linux systems.

A large number of Exim installations exist, especially within Internet service providers and universities in the UK. Exim is also widely used with the GNU Mailman mailing list manager, and cPanel.

Exim uses a peculiar version numbering scheme where the first decimal digit is updated only whenever the documentation is fully up to date. For this reason, a 0.01 version change can signify important changes, not necessarily fully documented. In 2005, changes to Exim's version numbering were on the table of discussion.

References

The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) is the official export credit agency of the United States federal government. It was established in 1934 by an executive order, and made an independent agency in the Executive branch by Congress in 1945, for the purposes of financing and insuring foreign purchases of United States goods for customers unable or unwilling to accept credit risk. The mission of the Bank is to create and sustain U.S. jobs by financing sales of U.S. exports to international buyers. The Bank is chartered as a government corporation by the Congress of the United States; it was last chartered for a five year term in 2006. Its Charter spells out the Bank's authorities and limitations. Among them is the principle that Ex-Im Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not take place because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its current chairman is James H. Lambright.

Export-Import Bank

The U.S. Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank) is the principal government agency responsible for aiding the export of American goods and services, and thereby creating and sustaining U.S. jobs, through a variety of loan, guarantee, and insurance programs. Generally, its programs are available to any American export firm regardless of size. Similar banks, or export credit agencies (ECAs), are operated by a number of foreign countries. Many ECAs agree to conduct their activities by following a set of common rules and principles through their membership in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); these ECAs are generally in the so-called "developed" countries. The goal is to permit exporters in various countries to compete on the basis of the quality of their goods and services, not on preferential financing terms. Other ECAs, such as the China Exim Bank (in the People's Republic of China) do not abide by the OECD rules.

History

Roosevelt created a Second Export-Import Bank of Washington with Executive Order 6638 on March 9, 1934, with the specific aim to aid trade with Cuba, and it was dissolved in 1936 with its obligations transferred to the first bank.

Small Business Programs

Export Credit Insurance

Export Credit Insurance policies can be issued to companies directly exporting, or to banks lending to foreign buyers. Export-Import Bank of the United States has a special insurance program for small businesses, with no premium minimum, and a pay-as-you-go premium structure. This is often the most affordable trade credit insurance available for new and small exporters.

Working Capital Guarantee

Direct and Intermediary Loans

Criticism

However, the current congressional mandate for the Export-Import Bank of the United States is to focus on small business support.

In 2007, WFAA-TV in Dallas revealed that the Ex-Im Bank had given at least $243 million in fraudulent loans to companies doing business with Mexico, including giving loans to companies with no verifiable address and individuals who were known associates of the Sinaloa and Juarez drug trafficking cartels.

References

External links

• Ex-Im Bank home page
• Import Export Forum
• Export-import Bank Meeting Notices and Rule Changes from The Federal Register RSS Feed
• Robert Higgs "Against Leviathan: Government Power and a Free Society." Oakland CA: The Independent Institute, 2004
• The Use of Environmental and Social Criteria in Export Credit Agencies’ Practices, by Markus Knigge et. al. Published in 2003 by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit - GTZ