The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of "the East", namely Asia and Eastern Europe (including Russia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, the Middle East, and Central Asia).
Concept of "the East"
The division between "East" and "West" is a product of European cultural history, and of the distinction between European Christendom and the alien cultures beyond it to the East. Before the discovery of the Americas and the exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa by the Europeans, only North Africa and other Islamic countries to the East were known in detail, though India and China were vaguely known of. The crusades established what became a border between "Eastern" and "Western" peoples. With the European colonization of the Americas the East/West distinction became global. The concept of an Eastern, "Indian" (Indies) or "Oriental" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism and Indology. People from the East are known by certain regions in the West as "Oriental". Before the arrival of Islam in India, people from the Indian subcontinent were generally known as Hindus and the subcontinent was known as Hindustan or Bharat. During the Cold War, the term "Eastern world" was sometimes used as an extension of Eastern bloc, connoting the Soviet Union, China and their communist allies, while the term "Western world" often connoted the United States and its NATO allies such as the United Kingdom and France. The concept is often another term for the Far East—a region that bears considerable cultural and religious commonality. Eastern philosophy, art, literature, and other traditions, are often found throughout the region in places of high importance, such as popular culture, architecture and traditional literature. The spread of Buddhism and Hindu Yoga is partly responsible for this.
Foundations of Eastern culture
Eastern culture has developed many themes and traditions. Some important ones are:
- Buddhism—religion whose aim is the cessation and elimination of suffering in sentient beings achieved through the practice of the Noble Eightfold Path.
- Confucianism—social hierarchy where position is based upon merit as determined through the imperial examination system. This social hierarchy promoted respect for elders and authority, and valued harmony within family.
- Hinduism—the oldest surviving religion, which contributed the concept of Dharma and served as the origin of the Dharmic religions.
- Islam—the majority of the world Muslim population have always lived in Asia, due to the influence of the Islamic civilization.
- Sikhism-A religion that developed in the warring plains of Punjab in an atmosphere of ideological clash between Islam and Hinduism. Its followers retain spiritual as well as martial qualities.
- Taoism—concepts of good and bad energy, the connectedness of mind and body and nature, etc.
- "Oriental Medicine"—reflexology, acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc.
- Zoroastrianism—the oldest surviving monotheistic religion that was practiced in ancient Persia
- Judaism - although not as a presence as it once was, Judaism still exist in Asia, the continent in which it originates from. Judaism set the foundations of Islam.
- Christianity - like other Abrahamic religions like Judaism and Islam, originates in the Middle East but is now a small minority religion. Like Judaism, Christianity is one of the foundations of Islam.
References
- Ankerl, Guy Global communication without universal civilization. Geneva: INU Press.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Thursday July 03, 2008 at 06:06:10 PDT (GMT -0700)
View this article at Wikipedia.org - Edit this article at Wikipedia.org - Donate to the Wikimedia Foundation
The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various cultures, social structures and philosophical systems of "the East", namely Asia and Eastern Europe (including Russia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, the Middle East, and Central Asia).
Concept of "the East"
The division between "East" and "West" is a product of European cultural history, and of the distinction between European Christendom and the alien cultures beyond it to the East. Before the discovery of the Americas and the exploration of Sub-Saharan Africa by the Europeans, only North Africa and other Islamic countries to the East were known in detail, though India and China were vaguely known of. The crusades established what became a border between "Eastern" and "Western" peoples. With the European colonization of the Americas the East/West distinction became global. The concept of an Eastern, "Indian" (Indies) or "Oriental" sphere was emphasized by ideas of racial as well as religious and cultural differences. Such distinctions were articulated by Westerners in the scholarly tradition known as Orientalism and Indology. People from the East are known by certain regions in the West as "Oriental". Before the arrival of Islam in India, people from the Indian subcontinent were generally known as Hindus and the subcontinent was known as Hindustan or Bharat. During the Cold War, the term "Eastern world" was sometimes used as an extension of Eastern bloc, connoting the Soviet Union, China and their communist allies, while the term "Western world" often connoted the United States and its NATO allies such as the United Kingdom and France. The concept is often another term for the Far East—a region that bears considerable cultural and religious commonality. Eastern philosophy, art, literature, and other traditions, are often found throughout the region in places of high importance, such as popular culture, architecture and traditional literature. The spread of Buddhism and Hindu Yoga is partly responsible for this.
Foundations of Eastern culture
Eastern culture has developed many themes and traditions. Some important ones are:
- Buddhism—religion whose aim is the cessation and elimination of suffering in sentient beings achieved through the practice of the Noble Eightfold Path.
- Confucianism—social hierarchy where position is based upon merit as determined through the imperial examination system. This social hierarchy promoted respect for elders and authority, and valued harmony within family.
- Hinduism—the oldest surviving religion, which contributed the concept of Dharma and served as the origin of the Dharmic religions.
- Islam—the majority of the world Muslim population have always lived in Asia, due to the influence of the Islamic civilization.
- Sikhism-A religion that developed in the warring plains of Punjab in an atmosphere of ideological clash between Islam and Hinduism. Its followers retain spiritual as well as martial qualities.
- Taoism—concepts of good and bad energy, the connectedness of mind and body and nature, etc.
- "Oriental Medicine"—reflexology, acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc.
- Zoroastrianism—the oldest surviving monotheistic religion that was practiced in ancient Persia
- Judaism - although not as a presence as it once was, Judaism still exist in Asia, the continent in which it originates from. Judaism set the foundations of Islam.
- Christianity - like other Abrahamic religions like Judaism and Islam, originates in the Middle East but is now a small minority religion. Like Judaism, Christianity is one of the foundations of Islam.
References
- Ankerl, Guy Global communication without universal civilization. Geneva: INU Press.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Thursday July 03, 2008 at 06:06:10 PDT (GMT -0700)
View this article at Wikipedia.org - Edit this article at Wikipedia.org - Donate to the Wikimedia Foundation
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