Diane Marleau
Early life and career
Marleau was born Diane Lebal in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, one of three children raised by a single mother in a low-income household. She was a childhood friend of Marie-Paule Charette, who later became a Senator and president of the Liberal Party.
She studied Commerce at the University of Ottawa, but left after her third year when she married fellow student Paul Marleau. The couple moved to Sudbury where she worked as the secretary to a medical doctor for five years, prior to the introduction of Medicare. She has said that this experience made her realize the importance of a publicly-funded health system, saying "I was the one who had to collect the bills. It gave me an understanding of what it means when people are obliged to pay to see a doctor."
Marleau returned to Laurentian University as a mature student, and completed a Bachelor's Degree in Economics. She worked as an accountant, managed an office for a firm of chartered accountants, and operated a restaurant she co-owned with her husband. She also served on the boards of Laurentian University and Laurentian Hospital. Marleau worked on Judy Erola's campaign in the 1980 federal election, and later credited Erola as a role model for her own career in public life.
Municipal politics
Marleau entered politics at the municipal level, serving as an alderman in Sudbury and a councillor in the Regional Municipality of Sudbury from 1980 to 1985. She chaired the city's Finance Committee, and backed a "pay as you go" debt-elimination plan that prohibited borrowing on capital investments. She served on the board of governors of Cambrian College, and was a member of the Ontario Advisory Council on Women's Issues. In 1983, she chaired the Canadian Games for Physically Disabled.
After the 1985 provincial election, Ontario Liberal Party leader David Peterson appointed Marleau to a ten-member transition team assisting the party as it formed government for the first time in 42 years. She ran for Mayor of Sudbury in the 1985 municipal elections, and lost to incumbent Peter Wong. She was asked to run for the Ontario Liberal Party in the 1987 provincial election, but declined. Marleau was considered to be on the right-wing of the Liberal Party in this period, although she later identified with a more left-wing position.
Member of Parliament
Marleau was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1988 election. The Progressive Conservative Party under Brian Mulroney won a majority government, and Marleau served in the Official Opposition as critic for Energy, Mines and Resources. She supported Jean Chrétien's successful bid for the party leadership in 1990, and was appointed to a five-person working group to design her party's tax policy. She was named deputy Liberal whip in 1991, and became associate finance critic in 1992. Marleau criticized Bank of Canada governor John Crow during this period, arguing that his high interest rate policy was driving the economy into a recession.
Cabinet minister
Minister of HealthThe Liberals won a majority government in 1993 election, and Prime Minister Jean Chrétien appointed Marleau as Minister of National Health and Welfare and Minister of Amateur Sport on November 4, 1993. This was a surprise to many, as Marleau did not have the national profile normally associated with Health portfolio. Some have speculated that Chrétien originally planned to appoint Marleau as Minister of National Revenue, and assigned her to Health as a late replacement for Sheila Copps and/or Hedy Fry. ;Public health care
Marleau is a vocal supporter of public medicare. As Health Minister, she once said that she opposed user fees on the grounds that they discourage poor people from seeking medical treatment until the advanced stages of illness. She intervened on more than one occasion to ensure that provincial governments upheld the principles of the Canada Health Act.
Marleau withheld $750,000 in transfer payments to British Columbia in April 1994, after some doctors in that province extra-billed their patients for services. She argued that it was inappropriate for taxpayers to subsidize private medicine. The British Columbia government supported her decision, and pledged to work with her in the future against extra-billing. Marleau expressed concern about Ontario's cuts to out-of-country hospital insurance in this period, though she added that the federal government could do little to intervene in this particular situation.
In 1995, Marleau took action to stop the provincial governments from funding semi-private clinics that require patients to pay facility fees. This was primarily directed against Alberta, where the provincial government argued that such fees were not in violation of the Canada Health Act. Marleau warned the Alberta government that it would face cuts in transfer payments if it did not shut down its private eye and diagnostic clinics before a federal deadline. After an extended standoff, Alberta agreed to develop a new policy shortly before time expired. Marleau later indicated that her standoff with Alberta met with opposition from some in the Prime Minister's Office, who worried about encroaching on a provincial jurisdiction during the period of the 1995 Quebec referendum. Marleau has said that she was told to back down by a high-ranking official, but refused. For his part, Chrétien described Marleau's stand against the Klein government as "courageous" in his 2007 memoirs.
After Marleau left the Health portfolio, the Chrétien government allowed Alberta doctors to work in both the public and private systems by selling services that were not deemed "medically necessary" (and hence did not constitute extra-billing, as the services were not covered by medicare. Marleau has indicated that she opposed this decision. ;Federal spending
The Chrétien government's 1995 austerity budget reduced transfer payments to the provinces, and provided lump-sum financing for health and social spending in place of the previously separate budgetary envelopes. Marleau argued that the new approach would free the provinces to spend more money on health, and allow them to better carry out the Canada Health Act's provisions. Some critics argued that the arrangement put medicare at risk, while others argued it would jeopardize other programs in favour of health spending. ;Anti-smoking policy
The Chrétien government introduced a significant tax cut on tobacco in early 1994, to counter the powerful smuggling rings that had emerged in Quebec. This decision was widely opposed by health professionals, on the grounds that it would lead to increased smoking rates and greater social costs. Marleau personally opposed the strategy but could not prevent its implementation, and her reputation in the health community was significantly undermined as a result. She argued that the Chrétien government still favoured high tobacco taxes over the long term, and would seek to balance the short-term cuts with a youth education program on the dangers of tobacco.
Marleau also sought to reduce tobacco use via restrictions on advertising. In April 1994, she announced her plans for legislation requiring that cigarettes be sold in plain packages without corporate logos. This was strongly opposed by the tobacco industry, and ran into delays in the parliamentary health committee. A May 1995 report found no conclusive proof that plain packaging would reduce smoking, but suggested it would be effective in deterring children from starting the habit.
Marleau's plans suffered a setback later in 1995, when the Supreme Court of Canada unexpectedly struck down Canada's law banning tobacco advertising that had been passed by the former Progressive Conservative government in 1988. She expressed disappointment at the ruling, but later introduced a blueprint for new legislation to ban all tobacco advertising and severely restrict tobacco companies from sponsoring arts and cultural events. The sponsorship restrictions were opposed by some in the arts community, although polls showed that most Canadians supported her proposal. Marleau left the Health portfolio before the legislation could be introduced. Her successor, David Dingwall, introduced modified legislation in late 1996 that banned most forms of tobacco advertising. The resulting Tobacco Act was passed in early 1997.;Women's health
Marleau established a section of the Health development specifically devoted to women's issues, and introduced Canada's first Centre of Excellence focused on Women's Health. She brought forward a pilot project to better inform women about breast cancer in 1994, and later introduced a program to ensure that low-income pregnant women would have access to proper nutrition and prenatal care. In 1995, she announced the first conference on women's health issues sponsored by both Canada and the United States.
Marleau received a report on new reproductive technologies shortly after her appointment as Health Minister, and welcomed its primary finding that conception and child-bearing should not become for-profit industries. She reiterated this concern in late 1994, when she speculated about the need for legislation to prevent the sale of human sperm and eggs.
Marleau called for a voluntary moratorium on commercial surrogate motherhood contracts in 1995, as a first step toward greater regulation. Some believed that this approach fell short of the 1993 report's recommendations, and expressed concern that it would be ineffective. Marleau later acknowledged that the voluntary approach was not successful, and announced that legislation banning the sale of human eggs was forthcoming. Her successor introduced the legislation in June 1996.;Other
In March 1994, Marleau announced that her government would legalize cannabis for commercial hemp production. In the same year, however, she introduced a bill to create a Controlled Drugs and Substances Act that would penalties for simple possession of marijuana. This was criticized by many in the Liberal caucus. The bill passed committee hearings more-or-less intact, but was withdrawn from the House of Commons agenda in July 1995.
Marleau introduced some programs to alleviate health difficulties in aboriginal communities during her tenure as Health Minister. A deal between the federal government and the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs was delayed in early 1995, due to disagreements on whether First Nations health care should be classified as a treaty right.
The Chrétien government set up a 22-member National Forum on Health in 1994, with Chrétien as chair and Marleau as vice-chair. They were joined by twenty health professionals and private citizens, and focused on issues such as the health costs associated with an aging society, patient choice and responsibility, and research priorities. Some provincial governments criticized the structure of the panel, and some journalists argued that Roy Romanow would have been a better choice for chair.
In addition to serving as Health Minister, Marleau also served on a committee of cabinet that focused on jobs and the economy.;Media coverage
Marleau's performance as Health Minister was often criticized in the national press. A Globe and Mail report in April 1994 listed her as the most seriously weakened minister in Chrétien's cabinet after the government's tobacco tax cuts. Throughout 1994 and 1995, there was frequent speculation that she would be shifted to a different portfolio. One of the few times that the national media supported her was during her stand against Alberta's semi-private clinics. Marleau later acknowledged that she was regarded as a weak minister after failing to stop the tobacco tax cut, but defended her performance by saying that she consistently stood up for public health care against powerful opposition.Minister of Public Works
Marleau was appointed as Minister of Public Works and Minister of Supply and Services on January 25, 1996. During her term, these positions were amalgamated into the position of Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Her first major act in this portfolio was to introduce Canada's newly-minted two-dollar coin at a Montreal civic landmark in February 1996. ;Canada Post
In late 1996, George Radwanski submitted a report to the federal government on the future of Canada Post. Although he opposed privatizing the crown corporation, he argued that it was "needlessly and unfairly" competing with the private sector in some areas. Marleau accepted Radwanski's main findings, and said that Canada Post would withdraw from delivering most store flyers and unaddressed junk mail. As a result, Canada Post announced that it would have to dismiss almost 10,000 part-time workers, and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers held a series of protests against the government. Marleau did not endorse Radwanski's recommendation that Canada Post should concentrate solely on delivering regular mail, and also disagreed with his call for the government sell Purolator Courier,
Shortly before the 1997 federal election, Marleau announced that the federal government would conduct an investigation into Canada Post's urban and rural delivery services and appoint an ombudsman to oversee the corporation.;Sponsorship program
In November 1996, Marleau and Jean Chrétien sought and received $34 million dollars from the Treasury Board of Canada for sponsorship spending earmarked toward national unity. This followed a narrow federalist victory in the 1995 Quebec referendum, and was intended to reduce the threat of Quebec separatism. The program continued under Marleau's successor, Alfonso Gagliano. Some of these funds were later discovered to have been misappropriated, leading to a controversy known as the sponsorship scandal. Marleau later testified that she did not personally oversee the program, and refused on procedural grounds to receive direct reports from sponsorship head Chuck Guité. Her account was upheld by others involved in the program, and she was cleared of any wrongdoing by a commission led by Justice John Gomery.;Other
Marleau privatized the Canada Communications Group's printing, warehousing and distribution operations in 1996, but took steps to ensure that jobs, wage levels and benefits would be protected after the sale. She later warned the Ontario provincial government of Mike Harris against its plans to download social housing to the municipalities, arguing that any such move would require Ottawa's concurrence. Her successor formally rejected the Harris government's plan.
Marleau announced that the Department of Public Works would tighten its anti-discriminatory regulations in 1996, after an employee working on repairs at the Peace Tower complained of sexual discrimination. One of her last major acts as Public Works Minister was to officially open the Confederation Bridge, which created a permanent land link between Prince Edward Island and the rest of Canada.
In 2002, journalist Edward Greenspon wrote that Marleau did not fit the profile of the "pork barrel" politician usually assigned to Public Works, and that her term in office was necessarily brief.Minister of International Cooperation
Marleau was re-elected without difficulty in the 1997 election, in which the Liberals won a second consecutive majority government. On June 11, 1997, she was appointed as Minister for International Co-operation and Minister responsible for La Francophonie. Shortly after her appointment, she called on Canada to take a stronger role in developing information technology services in the global south. She later wrote a piece supporting microcredit loans, arguing that they would promote women's rights.
In late 1997, Marleau announced that she would try to convince her cabinet colleagues not to proceed with a scheduled $150 million cut in international aid. She argued that the cuts were initially planned as part of a deficit-fighting strategy, but that Canada's newfound financial stability made them unnecessary. The budget cuts were eventually held to $60 million, and Marleau expressed hope that no further reductions would be necessary in the future.
Marleau introduced several aid programs during her tenure as International Cooperation Minister. She committed two million dollars to landmine removal in Afghanistan and Cambodia, and announced $23.8 million dollars for infrastructure, water and environmental projects in Bangladesh. She pledged $500,000 to promoting dialogue between Israelis and Palestinians in June 1998, and promised $100 million over three to four years for Central American rebuilding efforts following the devastation of Hurricane Mitch. She also committed over fifty million dollars in new money for Kosovar refugees in March 1999.
Marleau gave permission for Canadian organizations to send direct famine relief to North Korea in 1997, during a period of widespread starvation in that country. Direct aid to North Korea is normally prohibited for geopolitical reasons, but Marleau and others argued that humanitarian intervention was necessary in this instance.
In April 1998, Marleau said that Canada would consider restoring foreign aid to Burma after ten years of sanctions for human rights abuses. She argued that Canada was often able to bring about quiet diplomacy with repressive regimes, after earning their trust through development work. Her comments about Burma were widely criticized, and she later indicated that the restoration of foreign aid would be conditional on improved human rights conditions.
Out of cabinet
Marleau was dropped from cabinet on August 3, 1999. She became increasingly critical of Jean Chrétien's leadership after being sent to the backbenches, and developed a reputation as a party maverick. In 2000, she argued that Chrétien was not doing enough to protect medicare, and called on the government block Alberta's plans to allow public funding for private, for-profit clinics. Some Liberal MPs were unhappy with Marleau's remarks. When asked about the matter, Chrétien said "It looks like [bitterness], but I don't know".
Prior to the 2000 federal election, Marleau affiliated herself with a group of Liberal MPs who supported Paul Martin's ambition to succeed Chrétien as party leader. Nothing came of this in the short term, and Chrétien led the Liberals to a third consecutive majority government in 2000 campaign. Marleau ran to become Speaker of the House of Commons in January 2001, but was eliminated on the first ballot. In July 2002, she became one of the first sixteen Liberal MPs to openly call on Chrétien to resign as party leader.
In May 2003, Marleau introduced the first-ever Older Adults Justice Act in Canada. It called for the creation of a national ombudsman on the rights of older Canadians, and sought to amend the Criminal Code to make it a criminal offence to knowingly target the elderly for criminal purpose. The legislation died at committee when parliament was dissolved for the 2004 federal election, and was re-introduced by Lloyd St. Amand in the next Parliament.
Paul Martin succeeded Jean Chrétien as Liberal leader and Prime Minister of Canada in December 2003, and led the Liberals to a minority government in the 2004 election. Marleau was re-elected to a fifth term, and was appointed as parliamentary secretary to the President of the Treasury Board and the minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board. There was speculation that she would be returned to cabinet in late 2005, but nothing came of this.
The Liberals were defeated in the 2006 federal election, as the Conservatives under Stephen Harper won a minority government. Marleau ran for Speaker again at the start of the new parliament, arguing that she would work to restore decorum during Question Period. She was defeated by incumbent speaker Peter Milliken.
Marleau endorsed Bob Rae in the 2006 Liberal leadership contest, and moved to the camp of Stéphane Dion when Rae was eliminated on the next-to-last ballot. She is currently the chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Government Operations and Estimates. She was also elected chair of the Liberal Women's Caucus in March 2008.
Family
Marleau's husband, Paul Marleau, is a prominent businessman in Sudbury who ran for mayor of the city in 2003.
External links
Table of offices held
Electoral record
Marleau was elected to the Sudbury City Council in 1980 and 1982. She also served on the Sudbury Regional Council.
All statistical information is taken from Elections Canada. Italicized expenditures from elections after 1997 refer to submitted totals, and are presented when the final reviewed totals are not available.
Footnotes
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Tuesday October 07, 2008 at 19:06:45 PDT (GMT -0700)
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