Deportation, not to be confused with extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or country. The expulsion of natives is also called banishment, exile, or transportation). Historically, it also referred to penal transportation.

Internal deportation

Deportation can also happen within a state, when (for example) an individual or a group of people is forcibly resettled to a different part of the country. If ethnic groups are affected by this, it is also referred to as population transfer. The rationale is often that these groups might assist the enemy in war or insurrection. For example, the American state of Georgia deported 400 female mill workers during the Civil War on the suspicion they were Northern sympathizers.

During World War II, Volga Germans, Chechens, and others in the Soviet Union were deported by Joseph Stalin (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union) and Japanese and Japanese Americans were deported in the United States of America by President Franklin Roosevelt (see Japanese American internment).

In the 19th century, the federal government of the United States (particularly during the administration of President Andrew Jackson) deported numerous Native American tribes. The most infamous of these deportations became known as the Trail of Tears. American state and local authorities also practiced deportation of undesirables, criminals, union organizers, and others. In the late 19th and early 20th century, deportation of union members and labor leaders was not uncommon during strikes or labor disputes. For an example, see the Bisbee Deportation.

External deportation

Deportation often requires a specific process that must be validated by a court or senior Minister. It should therefore not be confused with Administrative Removal, which is the process of a country refusing to allow an individual to enter that country.

Deportation from the United States

• Is an inadmissible alien according to immigration laws in effect at the time of entry to the U.S. or adjustment of nonimmigrant status;
• Is present in the U.S. in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act or any other U.S. law;
• Violated nonimmigrant status or a condition of entry into the U.S.;
• Terminated a conditional permanent residence;
• Encouraged or aided any other alien to enter the U.S. illegally;
• Engaged in marriage fraud to gain admission to the U.S.;
• Was convicted of certain criminal offenses;
• Failed to register or falsified documents relating to entry in to the U.S.;
• Engaged in any activity that endangers public safety or creates a risk to national security;
• Engaged in unlawful voting; or
• Failed to resubmit address info to immigration officals every three months, whether or not they have actually moved.

The last item in the above list is seldomly enforced unless the state sees fit. For instance, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, this policy allowed for roughly 2,000 Pakistanis to be deported.

There are numerous protections and sources of relief from deportation proceedings in the United States. As such, there are Immigration attorneys that specialize in removals and deportation proceedings. Many times, the immigrant is able to benefit from available sources of relief such as: asylum, withholding of removal, adjustment of status if married to a US Citizen spouse, and cancellation of removal. It is important to note that there are also waivers available against inadmissibility and removability of an individual during deportation proceedings.

Notes

References

• Dillman, Caroline Matheny. The Roswell Mills and A Civil War Tragedy: Excerpts From Days Gone by in Alpharetta and Roswell, Georgia. Vol. 1. Roswell, Ga.: Chattahoochee Press, 1996. ISBN 0963425307
• Hitt, Michael D. Charged with Treason: The Ordeal of 400 Mill Workers During Military Operations in Roswell, Georgia, 1864-1865. Monroe, N.Y.: Library Research Associates, 1992. ISBN 0912526556
• "The Law of Necessity As Applied in the Bisbee Deportation Case." Arizona Law Review. 3:2 (1961).
• "Lewis Attacks Deportation of Leaders by West Virginia Authorities." New York Times. July 17, 1921.
• Lindquist, John H. and Fraser, James. "A Sociological Interpretation of the Bisbee Deportation." Pacific Historical Review. 37:4 (November 1968).
• Martin, MaryJoy. The Corpse On Boomerang Road: Telluride's War on Labor, 1899-1908. Lake City, Colo.: Western Reflections Publishing Co., 2004. ISBN 1932738029
• Silverberg, Louis G. "Citizens' Committees: Their Role in Industrial Conflict." Public Opinion Quarterly. 5:1 (March 1941).
• Suggs, Jr., George G. Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners. 2nd ed. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. ISBN 0806123966
• President's Mediation Commission. Report on the Bisbee Deportations Made by the President's Mediation Commission to the President of the United States. Washington, D.C.: President's Mediation Commission, November 6, 1917.
• Matthew J. Gibney and Randall Hansen, "Deportation and the liberal state: the involuntary return of asylum seekers and unlawful migrants in Canada, the UK, and Germany", New Issues in Refugee Research: Working Paper Series, No. 77, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2003

See also

• Israelite deportation (historical)
• Trail of tears (historical)
• Acadian deportation (historical)
• Bisbee Deportation (historical)
• Prussian deportations of 1885-1890 (historical)
• German Expulsion
• ethnic cleansing
• exile
• illegal immigrant
• immigration detention centres
• Maher Arar
• penal transportation
• Persona non grata
• population transfer
• forced migration