Cumberland

Cumberland, Richard, 1631-1718, English philosopher. He was bishop of Peterborough from 1691. In his De legibus naturae [on natural laws] (1672) he first propounded the doctrine of utilitarianism and opposed the egoistic ethics of Thomas Hobbes.

Cumberland, Richard, 1732-1811, English dramatist; great-grandson of the 17th-century philosopher Richard Cumberland. His family connections earned him a clerical position with the British board of trade. The author of over 40 plays, he was most successful with his sentimental comedies, the best of which are The Brothers (1769) and The West Indian (1771). He also wrote two seldom-read novels, Arundel (1789) and Henry (1795), and an autobiography (1806-7).

Cumberland, William Augustus, duke of, 1721-65, British general; third son of George II. Entering the army shortly before the outbreak (1740) of the War of the Austrian Succession, he was defeated by the French at Fontenoy (1745). Returning to England to put down the 1745 rising of the Jacobites, he defeated Prince Charles Edward Stuart at Culloden Moor (1746) and earned the nickname "the Butcher" by his ruthless punishment of the rebels. Once more on the Continent, he averted the fall of Maastricht but was again defeated by the French in 1747. In the Seven Years War he signed (1757) a capitulation to the French (the Convention of Kloster-Zeven) for which he was dismissed.

Cumberland, former county, N England. In 1974, Cumberland became part of the nonmetropolitan county of Cumbria.

Cumberland. 1 City (1990 pop. 23,706), seat of Allegany co., NW Md., on the North Branch of the Potomac; settled 1750, inc. 1815. It is an important railroad and shipping center for a coal-mining area. Its manufactures include textiles, rubber, glass, paper products, and plastics. Cumberland grew around the site of a trading post established (1750) by the Ohio Company at a natural gateway through the Appalachians to the Ohio valley. Fort Cumberland (built 1754) was the base of operations for the ill-fated Braddock expedition (1755) against the French and Native American forces and the site of Washington's first military headquarters (1757). The city became the eastern terminus of the Cumberland Road, or National Road; a division point for the Baltimore & Ohio RR; and the western terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (completed 1850), which runs through Green Ridge State Forest. Other local attractions include the old toll gate house (1833), a scenic railroad, Canal Place Heritage Area, and the Narrows, a magnificent gorge through the Appalachians to the Ohio valley. Frostburg State Univ. is to the west.

2 Town (1990 pop. 29,038), Providence co., NE R.I., on the Blackstone River and the Mass. line; included in Massachusetts until 1746, inc. as a R.I. town 1747. Its manufactures include textiles and metal and fiberglass products. The Ballou Meetinghouse dates from c.1740.

Cumberland, river, 687 mi (1,106 km) long, rising in E Ky., and winding generally SW through Ky. and Tenn., then NW to the Ohio River near Paducah, Ky.; drains c.18,500 sq mi (47,910 sq km). The development of lakes and canals make the river navigable for small craft for much of its length. The river's upper course flows through the rugged, forested coal-mining region of SE Kentucky. The central section of the river passes through the Nashville Basin, an agricultural region and the site of Nashville, Tenn. The Tennessee Valley Authority markets hydroelectric power produced by dams on the Cumberland and its tributaries, including Dale Hollow, Center Hill, and Barkley dams, as well as Wolf Creek Dam, Ky., which impounds Lake Cumberland. The Cumberland valley was the scene of several important Civil War battles (see Fort Donelson).

Tableland in the U.S. that forms the western section of the Appalachian Mountains and a part of the Allegheny Plateau. It extends southwest for 450 mi (725 km) from southern West Virginia to northeastern Alabama, averages 50 mi (80 km) in width, and is 2,000–4,145 ft (600–1,263 m) high. The roughest and highest portion is a narrow ridge about 140 mi (225 km) long that forms its eastern margin in eastern Kentucky and northeastern Tennessee; the name Cumberland Mountains is generally applied to this area, which includes the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park. The plateau has large deposits of coal, limestone, and sandstone.

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Cumberland is a town split between Hancock and Marion Counties in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 5,500 at the 2000 census.

Geography

Cumberland is located at (39.783528, -85.952308).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 square miles (5.0 km²), of which, 1.9 square miles (4.9 km²) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (1.55%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,500 people, 2,030 households, and 1,565 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,907.0 people per square mile (1,123.6/km²). There were 2,190 housing units at an average density of 1,157.5/sq mi (447.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 85.20% White, 10.56% African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.76% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.45% of the population.

There were 2,030 households out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town the population was spread out with 30.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $57,875, and the median income for a family was $61,739. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $28,239 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,746. About 5.0% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over.

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