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Conventional_Egyptian_chronology
Conventional_Egyptian_chronology

Conventional Egyptian chronology
For a general discussion, see Egyptian chronology. For a similar list, see List of Pharaohs.

This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology.

Introduction

This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. All dates are in the chronology are BC.

Protodynastic Period

Dynasty 0 circa 3100–2920

Early Dynastic Period

1st Dynasty 2920-2770

2nd Dynasty 2770-2650

Old Kingdom

3rd Dynasty

4th Dynasty

5th Dynasty

6th Dynasty

7th Dynasty 2150-2134

In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence. Budge, in The Nile (Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt, 1902) lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herakleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th.

8th Dynasty

Kings with Unknown Position

First Intermediate Period 2134 - 2040

9th and 10th Dynasties 2135-1986

11th Dynasty 2134-2040

(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)

Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1640

11th Dynasty (continued)

In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.

  • Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
  • hrw (mn?)|
  • hrw (Antef)|
  • hrw (Antef)|
  • hrw (?)|
  • Neter nefer (Antef)|
  • nswbt Sa Ra Antef
  • nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
  • nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
  • nswbt (kau ra)|
  • nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
  • nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
  • nswbt se nfr ra
  • nswbt wsr s n ra
  • nswbt neb nem Ra
  • nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 2007-1986 (Ruled Lower Egypt.)
  • nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956 (United Upper and Lower Egypt.)
  • nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
  • nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
  • nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
  • nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|

Unknown Position

12th Dynasty 1991 1783

(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)

  • nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
  • nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
  • nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
  • nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
  • nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
  • nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772 (1844-1797)
  • nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat IV (Maakherure) 1772-1763 (1799-1783)
  • nswbt (sebek nfru ra)| Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763-1759 (1787-1783)

Second Intermediate Period

13th Dynasty

21 kings for about 63 years then

Then 6 more kings for about 20 years

14th Dynasty

About 76 minor kings of the Delta, contemporary with the second half of the 13th dynasty. Egyptologist Donald B. Redford has suggested that these were ancestors of the Hyksos dynasty, later misconstrued as belonging to the names of Egyptian kings in Manetho (due to confusion between the Egyptian words for "Hyksos" and "Xois").1

Hyksos 15th Dynasty 1633-1525

Sinai 16th Dynasty

32 minor kings contemporary with the 15th and 17th dynasties.

Thebes 17th Dynasty 1606-1539

About 15 kings in all, contemporary with the 15th dynasty, the last three being

New Kingdom

18th Dynasty

19th Dynasty

20th Dynasty

Third Intermediate Period

Tanite 21st Dynasty

Theban 21st Dynasty

22nd Dynasty

23rd Dynasty

24th Dynasty

25th Dynasty

Early Kings of Sais

Late Period

26th Dynasty

References

1 Redford, Donald B. Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals, and Day-Books. Missisauga, ON: Benben Publications, 1986.

  • Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt
  • The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 1980).
  • The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) High, Middle or Low (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
  • Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
  • The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1973, Warminster).

(Ed., This information has been supplemented from The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology)Note:There is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.

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Last updated on Friday September 26, 2008 at 13:44:50 PDT (GMT -0700)
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