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Conservative Party of Canada (historical)

The Conservative Party of Canada has gone by a variety of names over the years since Canadian Confederation. Initially known as the "Liberal-Conservative Party", it dropped "Liberal" from its name in 1873, although many of its candidates continued to use this name.

As a result of World War I and the Conscription Crisis of 1917, the party joined with pro-conscription Liberals to become the "Unionist Party", led by Robert Borden from 1917 to 1920, and then the "National Liberal and Conservative Party" until 1922. It then reverted back to "Liberal-Conservative Party" until 1938, when it became simply the "Conservative Party". It ran in the 1940 election as "National Government" even though it was in opposition.

The party was almost always referred to as simply the "Conservative Party" or Tories.

Origins

The roots of the party are in the pre-confederation coalition government of 1854 the parti bleu of George-Étienne Cartier (see also Quebec Conservative Party) and Ontario liberals and conservatives led by Sir John A. Macdonald. It was out of this coalition that the Liberal-Conservative Party (generally known as the Conservative Party) was formed and it was this period that formed the basis for confederation in 1867.

Confederation

MacDonald became the leader of the Conservative Party and formed the first national government in 1867. The party brought together ultramontane Quebec Catholics, pro-tariff businessmen, United Empire Loyalist Tories and Orangemen. One major accomplishment of Macdonald's first government was the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway which also led to the Pacific Scandal that brought down the government in 1873.

The Conservatives under Macdonald returned to power in 1878 by opposing the Liberal Party's policy of free trade or reciprocity with the United States and promoting, instead, the National Policy which sought to promote business and develop industry with protectionist measures as well as settle and develop the west.

The principal difference between the Conservatives and the Liberals in this period and well into the twentieth century was that Conservatives were in favour of imperial preference (a protectionist system in which tariffs would be levied against imports from outside the British Empire) and strong political and legal links with Britain while Liberals promoted free trade and continentalism (that is closer ties to the United States) and greater independence from Britain.

Macdonald died in 1891 and, without his leadership, the Conservative coalition began to unravel under the pressure of sectarian tensions between Catholic French Canadians and British imperialists who tended to be anti-French and anti-Catholic. The Red River Rebellion (and execution of Louis Riel) and Manitoba Schools Question exacerbated tensions within the Conservative Party and fanned hostility to the Conservatives in Quebec.

Free trade was the major issue of the 1911 election that swept Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals from power. Robert Borden led a new Tory administration that emphasised a revitalised National Policy and links to Britain. Borden had tried to rebuild a base in Quebec by allying with anti-Laurier Quebec nationalists, but, in government, tensions between Quebec nationalists and English Canadian imperialists made any grand coalition untenable.

Borden and the Conservative revival

World War I created a further strain as most Quebecers were unenthusiastic about Canadian involvement in what they saw as a foreign, and particularly British, conflict, while Borden's English supporters were adamant that Canada must support the war effort and enact a policy of conscription (see Conscription Crisis of 1917).

The Unionist Party, 1917-1922

National Liberal and Conservative Party

The attempt to turn the Conservatives into a hegemonic party by merging with Liberal-Unionists failed as most Liberals either joined the new Progressive Party of Canada or rejoined the Liberals under its new leader William Lyon Mackenzie King. One critical issue in this split was free trade - farmers were particularly hostile to Tory tariff policy and free trade was a key issue in the creation of the Progressives while the Conscription Crisis destroyed any remaining Conservative base in Quebec for generations leaving the Tories with even less support than they had before the Union government.

Borden's successor, Arthur Meighen and his renamed "National Liberal and Conservative Party" were defeated by the Liberals in the election of 1921 coming in third behind the Progressives. The Liberals were reduced to a minority government in the 1925 election. The Conservatives managed to win a plurality of seats in the House of Commons, but King was able to stay in power with the support of the Progressives and form a minority government. King's government was defeated in a vote in the House of Commons within months and Prime Minister King asked Governor-General Byng to call a new election but Byng refused and asked Meighen to form a government.

Meighen's government was soon defeated by a vote in the Commons, leaving no choice but a new election, which returned a landslide Liberal government. The "King-Byng Affair" inflamed Canadian nationalist sentiment since it was felt the Governor General, a British government appointee, had overstepped his bounds and that this was a sign of excessive British influence in Canadian politics. The Tories not only benefitted from this influence but their pro-imperialist policies were opposed to the concept of Canadian independence.

Bennett and the Great Depression

Meighen was replaced as Tory leader by R.B. Bennett, a millionaire Calgary businessman in 1927. He led the Conservatives to power in the 1930 election, largely as a result of the inability of the Liberal government (or any government in the western world) to deal with the Great Depression. Bennett promised to end the economic crisis in three days by implementing the old Conservative policy of high tariffs and imperial preference.

When this policy failed to generate the desired result Bennett's government had no alternative plan. The party's pro-business, pro-bank inclinations provided no relief to the millions of unemployed who were now becoming increasingly desperate and agitated. The Conservatives seemed indecisive and unable to cope and rapidly lost the confidence of Canadians becoming a focus of hatred, ridicule and contempt. Car owners who could no longer afford gasoline reverted to having their vehicles pulled by horses and dubbed them "Bennett buggies".

R. B. Bennett faced pressure for radical reforms from within and without the party:

The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), formed in 1932, prepared to fight its first election on a socialist program.
The Social Credit movement was gaining supporters in the west and shocked the country by winning the Alberta provincial election and forming government in September, 1935.
Bennett's own government suffered a defection as his Trade minister, Henry Herbert Stevens, left the Conservatives to form the Reconstruction Party of Canada when Bennett refused to enact Stevens' plans for drastic economic reform and government intervention in the economy to deal with the crisis.

Bennett attempted to prevent social disorder by evacuating the unemployed to relief camps far away from the cities but this only exacerbated social tensions leading to the "On to Ottawa Trek" of unemployed protesters who intended to ride the rails from Vancouver to Ottawa (gathering new members along the way) in order to bring their demands for relief to Bennett personally. The trek ended in Regina on July 1, 1935 when the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, on orders from the Prime Minister, attacked a public meeting of 3,000 strikers leaving two dead and dozens injured.

Bennett had in desperation attempted to save his government by reversing its laissez-faire policies and, belatedly, implementing "Bennett's New Deal" based on the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Bennett proposed progressive income taxation, a minimum wage, a maximum for work week hours, unemployment insurance, health insurance, an expanded pension program, and grants to farmers. The Conservatives' conversion to the concept of a welfare state came too late, and the Tories were routed in the October 1935 election, winning only 40 seats to 173 for Mackenzie King's Liberals.

The Bennett years left the Conservatives in the worst shape they had ever been - not only did enmity towards the Tories continue in Quebec as a legacy of the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but they were now reviled in the West for their perceived insensitivity to the needs of farmers in the Dust Bowl and Westerners turned to Social Credit or the CCF making the Tories their fourth choice. The Conservatives would have to wait twenty years before their fortunes in Western Canada revived.

Decline and reinvention as Progressive Conservatives

The Tories fought the 1940 election under Robert J. Manion. The Party again adopted a new name: "National Government". The Tories were advocating a wartime coalition government, an attempt to repeat Borden's "Union government," but they won only 40 seats.

In desperation, the Tories again turned to Arthur Meighen for leadership, but Meighen was trounced by the CCF when he attempted to enter the House of Commons in a February 1942 by-election in York South. His party's agitation for a re-enactment of conscription in World War II only further alienated Quebec from the Conservatives.

Later that year, the Tories attempted to broaden their base by electing Manitoba Progressive Premier John Bracken as their new leader. Bracken agreed to become the party's leader on the condition that it change its name to the "Progressive Conservative Party of Canada."

Conservative leaders (1867-1942)

Sir John A. Macdonald (July 1, 1867 - June 6, 1891)
Sir John Abbott (June 16, 1891 - November 24, 1892)
Sir John Sparrow David Thompson (December 5, 1892 - December 12, 1894)
Sir Mackenzie Bowell (December 21, 1894 - April 27, 1896)
Sir Charles Tupper (May 1, 1896 - February 6, 1901)
Sir Robert Laird Borden (February 6, 1901 - July 10, 1920)
Arthur Meighen (July 10, 1920 - September 24, 1926)
Hugh Guthrie (October 11, 1926 - October 12, 1927 interim)
R. B. Bennett (October 12, 1927 - July 7, 1938)
Robert Manion (July 7, 1938 - May 14, 1940)
Richard Hanson (May 14, 1940 - November 12, 1941 interim)
Arthur Meighen (November 12, 1941 - December 9, 1942)

Election results 1867-1940

Results in bold indicate elections after which the party formed the government.

Election	Party name(s)	# of candidates nominated	# of seats won	# of total votes	% of popular vote
1867	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	112	100	92,656	34.53%
1872	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	140	99	123,100	38.66%
1874	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives, one Conservative Labour	104	65	99,440	30.58%
1878	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	161	129	229,191	42.06%
1882	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	168	136	208,544	40.39%
1887	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	203	111	343,805	47.41%
1891	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	212	117	376,518	48.58%
1896	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	207	98	467,415	48.17%
1900	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	204	79	438,330	46.1%
1904	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	205	75	470,430	45.94%
1908	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives	211	85	539,374	46.21%
1911	Conservatives, Liberal-Conservatives and Nationalist Conservatives	212	132	636,938	48.90%
1917	Unionist Party	211	152	1,070,694	56.93%
1921	Conservatives	204	49	935,651	29.95%
1925	Conservatives	232	114	1,454,253	46.13%
1926	Conservatives	232	91	1,476,834	45.34%
1930	Conservatives	229	134	1,836,115	47.79%
1935	Conservatives	228	39	1,290,671	29.84%
1940	Conservatives, National Government	207	39	1,402,059	30.41%