What is now Colts Neck Township was established by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature as Atlantic Township on February 18, 1847, from portions of Freehold Township, Middletown Township and Shrewsbury Township. The name was changed to Colts Neck Township as of November 6, 1962, based on the results of a referendum held that day.
In addition, the township has a very strong Farmland Preservation Committee, which to date has preserved nearly 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land. This also is one way in which the town has been able to prevent large scale development. The township has very strict zoning regulations, and because there is no public water or sewage service, all homes must be built on not less than an acre.
Many of its residents are professional business people who commute into New York City, as could be seen in the unusual proportion of the small community who were lost in the September 11, 2001 attacks upon the World Trade Center. A memorial garden dedicated to the five members of the community who were lost was created at the municipal center by sculptor Jim Gary, a member of the community, who was raised in Colts Neck and died in January, 2006. The central feature of the memorial garden is his sculpture of metal and stained glass.
The Colts Neck Fire Department is split between two fire companies. Company #1, organized in 1926, is located on Route 537. Company #2, located on Conover Road, was established in 1970. Also in case of a HazMat emergency, the HazMat unit from the Middletown Township Special Services unit will respond.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.1 square miles (83.1 km²), of which, 31.4 square miles (81.4 km²) of it is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km²) of it (2.12%) is water.
There were 3,513 households out of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.1% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.1% were non-families. 7.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the township the population was spread out with 29.2% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 109.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.4 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $109,190, and the median income for a family was $117,980. Males had a median income of $55,609 versus $38,457 for females. The per capita income for the township was $46,795. 2.8% of the population and 2.2% of families were living below the poverty line, including 2.2% of under eighteens and 2.8% of those over 64.
The Colts Neck Township Committee consists of Mayor Thomas E. Hennessy, Jr., Deputy Mayor Benjamin T. Forester, Kenneth F. Florek, James C. Schatzle and James Stuart.
Public school students in grades 9-12 attend Colts Neck High School, one of the five MCVSD magnet schools, or one of the area's many Specialized Learning Centers, as part of the Freehold Regional High School District. The Freehold Regional High School District serves students from Colts Neck, Englishtown, Farmingdale, Freehold, Freehold Township, Howell Township, Manalapan Township and Marlboro.
While Colts Neck is known for having an excellent school system, in any given year about 20% of the town's K-8 population attend private schools. These include Ranney School, Rumson Country Day School and St. Leo the Great School At the high school level, with about half of all students attending private schools, including Christian Brothers Academy, Lawrenceville School, Peddie School, Ranney School, Red Bank Catholic High School and St. John Vianney High School.
Some famous current and former residents include: