chrysotile

chrysotile: see serpentine.

Fibrous variety of the magnesium silicate mineral serpentine; it is the most important asbestos mineral. Individual fibres are white and silky, but the aggregate in veins is usually green or yellowish. Chrysotile fibres have a high tensile strength, similar to that of other asbestos minerals (see amphibole asbestos). The largest deposits of chrysotile are in Quebec and in the Ural Mountains.

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Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in place in the United States and a similar proportion in other countries. It is a soft, fibrous silicate mineral in the serpentine group of phyllosilicates: as such, it is distinct from other asbestiform minerals in the amphibole group. Its idealized chemical formula is Mg(SiO)(OH), in which some of the magnesium ions may be substituted by iron or other cations. Substitution of the hydroxide ions for fluoride, oxide or chloride is also known, but rarer. A related, but much rarer, mineral is pecoraite, in which all the magnesium cations of chrysotile are substituted by nickel cations.

Polytypes

Three polytypes of chrysotile are known. These are very difficult to distinguish in hand specimens, and polarized light microscopy must normally be used. Some older publications refer to chrysotile as a group of minerals—the three polytypes listed below, and sometimes pecoraite as well—but the 2006 recommendations of the International Mineralogical Association prefer to treat it as a single mineral with a certain variation in its naturally-occurring forms.

Name	Crystal system	Type locality	mindat.org reference	Unit cell parameters	Crystal structure reference
Clinochrysotile	monoclinic	Złoty Stok*, Lower Silesia, Poland	1071	a = 5.3 Å; b = 9.19 Å; c = 14.63 Å; β = 93°
Orthochrysotile	orthorhombic	Kadapa* district, Andhra Pradesh, India	3025	a = 5.34 Å; b = 9.24 Å; c = 14.2 Å
Parachrysotile	orthorhombic	uncertain	3083	a = 5.3 Å; b = 9.24 Å; c = 14.71 Å
Source: mindat.org. *Złoty Stok and Kadapa have formerly been known as Reichenstein and Cuddapah respecively, and these names may appear in some publications.

Clinochrysotile is the commonest of the three forms, found notably at Asbestos, Quebec, Canada. Its two measurable refractive indices tend to be lower than those of the other two forms. The orthorhombic paratypes may be distinguished by the fact that, for orthochrysotile, the higher of the two observable refractive indices is measured parallel to the long axis of the fibres (as for clinochrysotile); whereas for parachrysotile the higher refractive index is measured perpendicular to the long axis of the fibres.

Physical and chemical properties

Bulk chrysotile, whose hardness is about the same as that of a human fingernail, is easily crumbled to fibres that are, in fact, bundles of fibrils. Naturally-occurring fibre bundles range in length from several millimetres to more than ten centimetres, although industrially-processed chrysotile usually has shorter fibre bundles. The diameter of the fibre bundles is 0.1–1 µm, and the individual fibrils are even finer, 0.02–0.03 µm, each fibre bundle containing tens or hundreds of fibrils.

Chrysotile fibres have considerable tensile strength, and may be spun into thread and woven into cloth. They are also resistant to heat and are excellent thermal, electrical and acoustic insulators.

Chrysotile is resistant to even strong bases, but the fibres are attacked by acids: the magnesium ions are selectively dissolved, leaving a silica skeleton. It is thermally stable up to around 550 °C, at which temperature it starts to dehydrate. Dehydration is complete at about 750 °C, with the final products being silica and forsterite (magnesium silicate).

Safety concerns

Chrysotile, as well as other forms of asbestos, is considered to be a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Asbestos exposure is associated with parenchymal asbestosis, asbestos-related pleural abnormalities, mesothelioma, and lung cancer, and it may be associated with cancer at some extra-thoracic sites. Chrysotile has been recommended for inclusion in the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent, an international treaty that restricts the global trade in hazardous materials. If approved by the parties to convention when they meet in October 2008, exports of chrysotile would only be permitted to countries explicitly consenting to receive it. Canada, the major producer of the mineral, is currently resisting efforts to include it in the treaty. All other forms of asbestos are already listed in the treaty.

References

External links

• Webmineral
• Mindat clinochrysotile
• Mindat orthochrysotile
• Mindat parachrysotile
• "Asbestos-containing Floor Tile and Mastic Abatement: Is there Enough Exposure to Cause Asbestos-related Disease?"
• Deer William Alexander, Howie Robert Andrew, Zussman Jack, An Introduction to the rock-forming minerals, ISBN 0-582-30094-0, OCLC 183009096 pp. 344-352, 1992
• Ledoux, RL (ed), Short course in mineralogical techniques of asbestos determination, Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp. 35-73, 185, 1979.
• http://www.microlabgallery.com/ChrysotileFile.aspx Photomicrographs of parachrysotile and clinochrysotile
• Nolan, RP, Langer AM, Ross M, Wicks FJ, Martin RF (eds), "The health effects of chrysotile asbestos", The Canadian Mineralogist, Special Publication 5, 2001.
• http://www.chrysotile.com/en/news/news.aspx/?id=44&lang=en