Carvajal

Carvajal, Francisco de, 1464?-1548, Spanish conquistador. For 40 years he fought in European wars before going to Mexico and subsequently to Peru, where he aided Francisco Pizarro. He grew rich from the tributory labor of indigenous people, thousands of whom died in his mines at Potosí. He supported (1542) Vaca de Castro against the revolt of Diego de Almagro the younger, but when the New Laws to protect the native people were put in force in Peru (1544), he joined the revolt of Gonzalo Pizarro. He was captured with Gonzalo Pizarro and executed.

Tomás José González-Carvajal (1753-1834), Spanish poet and statesman, was born at Seville in 1753. He studied at the University of Seville, and took the degree of LL.D. at Madrid. He obtained an office in the financial department of the government; and in 1795 was made intendant of the colonies which had just been founded in Sierra Morena and Andalusia.

During the Peninsular War of 1809-1811 he held an intendancy in the patriot army. He became, in 1812, director of the University of San Isidro; but having offended the government by establishing a chair of international law, he was imprisoned for five years (1815-1820). The revolution of 1820 reinstated him, but the counter-revolution of three years later forced him into exile. After four years he was allowed to return, and he died, in 1834, a member of the supreme council of war.

González-Carvajal enjoyed European fame as author of metrical translations of the poetical books of the Bible. To fit himself for this work he commenced the study of Hebrew at the age of fifty-four. He also wrote other works in verse and prose, avowedly taking Luis de León as his model.

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