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# Breakdown voltage

Breakdown Voltage of an Insulator is the minimum voltage that causes a portion of an insulator to become electrically conductive. Breakdown Voltage of a diode is the minimum reverse voltage to make the diode conduct in reverse. Some devices (such as TRIACs) also have a forward breakdown voltage.

## In Detail

### Insulators

Breakdown voltage is a characteristic of an insulator that defines the maximum voltage difference that can be applied across the material before the insulator collapses and conducts. In solid insulating materials, this usually creates a weakened path within the material by creating permanent molecular or physical changes by the sudden current. Within rarefied gases found in certain types of lamps, breakdown voltage is also sometimes called the "striking voltage".

Two different breakdown voltage measurements of a material are the AC and impulse breakdown voltages. The AC voltage is the line frequency of the mains (either 50 or 60 Hz depending on where you live). The impulse breakdown voltage is simulating lightning strikes, and usually uses a 1.2 microsecond rise for the wave to reach 90% amplitude then drops back down to 50% amplitude after 50 microseconds.

Two technical standards governing performing these tests are ASTM D1816 and ASTM D3300 published by ASTM.

#### Breakdown in vacuum

In standard conditions at atmospheric pressure, gas serves as an excellent insulator, requiring the application of a significant voltage before breaking down (e.g. lightning). In vacuum, this breakdown potential may decrease to an extent that two uninsulated surfaces with different potentials might induce the electrical breakdown of the surrounding gas. This has some useful applications in industry (e.g. the production of microprocessors) but in other situations may damage an apparatus, as breakdown is analogous to a short circuit.

The breakdown voltage in vacuum is represented as

$V_mathrm\left\{b\right\} = frac \left\{Bpd\right\}\left\{ln Apd - ln\left[ln\left(1 + frac \left\{1\right\}\left\{gamma_mathrm\left\{se\right\} \right\}\right)\right]\right\}$,
where $V_mathrm\left\{b\right\}$ is the breakdown potential in volts DC, $A$ and $B$ are constants that depend on the surrounding gas, $p$ represents the pressure of the surrounding gas, $d$ represents the distance in centimetres between the electrodes, and $gamma_mathrm\left\{se\right\}$ represents the Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient.

### Diodes

Breakdown voltage is a parameter of a diode that defines the largest reverse voltage that can be applied without causing an exponential increase in the current in the diode. As long as the current is limited, exceeding the breakdown voltage of a diode does no harm to the diode. In fact, Zener diodes are essentially just heavily doped normal diodes that exploit the breakdown voltage of a diode to provide regulation of voltage levels.