Bophuthatswana, former black "homeland" and nominal republic, c.17,000 sq mi (44,000 sq km), N South Africa. Bophuthatswana comprised seven separate areas, one along the Botswana border, the remainder landlocked enclaves. The capital was Mmbatho. Under acts of the South African Parliament, land was set aside for blacks in pseudoindependent territories (originally called "Bantustans"), allegedly to allow to the blacks self-government and cultural preservation. In reality the homelands allowed the white government to control blacks and exclude them from the political process. Bophuthatswana was designated as a homeland for Tswana-speaking people.

Bophuthatswana achieved "self-government" under the Homeland Constitution Act of 1971. In 1977 it was granted "independence," and the South African citizenship of those relocated to the homeland was revoked. Bophuthatswana was not recognized outside South Africa as an independent state. In 1988, the South African government forcibly reinstated Kgosi Lucas Mangope as head of state after a coup attempt. Early in 1994, Mangope was removed by the Pretoria government, which installed an interim government in the homeland. After South Africa's first all-race elections later that year, Bophuthatswana was reincorporated into the country.

Flag of Bophuthatswana bantustan]] Bophuthatswana was a bantustan ("homeland") in the northwest of South Africa. It had a surface area of approximately 40 000 km² and consisted of seven enclaves dispersed over the former South African provinces of Cape Province, Transvaal and Orange Free State. The capital Mmabatho was situated in an area bordering Botswana. The homeland was set up to house Setswana-speaking peoples. In 1983 it had more than 1,430,000 inhabitants.

History

Bophuthatswana was given nominal self-rule in 1971, and became nominally independent on December 6, 1977; Kgosi Lucas Mangope was appointed head of state. In reality Bophuthatswana was a client state of apartheid-era South Africa and was not recognized as an independent country by any government other than that of South Africa. Those relocated to Bophuthatswana lost their South African citizenship. In 1988 an attempted coup was suppressed by South Africa, who reinstated Mangope. The coup was later said to have been led by the opposition at the time, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) under the leadership of Rocky Malebana Metsing. A second coup in 1990 was also thwarted.

Economy

It was the richest of the TBVC states (nominally independent Bantustans), as it had platinum mines. It also made money from the Sun City casino, which was a day trip from Johannesburg and Pretoria, where gambling was illegal under the National Party government (as it was in the whole country).

Bophuthatswana coup

In the beginning of 1994 with South Africa heading for democratic elections, the autocratic President Lucas Mangope resisted reincorporation into South Africa. 40 people were wounded when Bophuthatswana Defence Force troops opened fire on striking civil servants. Mangope took an increasingly hardline stance, rejected Independent Electoral Commission chairman Judge Johann Kriegler's plea for free political activity in the territory, and fired the staff of the Bophuthatswana Broadcasting Corporation, closing down two television stations and three radio stations.

The white supremacist group Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) took the opportunity to move in and try to restore the apartheid status quo, but was humiliated in early March when, in the presence of photojournalists and a TV crew, uniformed members of the AWB on an armed incursion to the Mmabatho/Mafikeng area shot at people alongside the road, injuring and killing many. They themselves were shot at by members of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force (BDF) and the Police and forced to retreat. Three wounded AWB members were shot dead at point blank range by Ontlametse Bernstein Menyatsoe of the BDF while retreating. These killings effectively spelt the end of white right-wing military opposition to democratic reforms. Mangope was replaced by an interim government, and on April 27 of the same year all ten homelands, including Bophuthatswana, were reincorporated into post-apartheid South Africa.

Post-apartheid South Africa

With the end of apartheid, of the 7 enclaves, 5 were added into the North West Province. Thaba Nchu became part of the Free State and Moretele (the easternmost part) became part of Mpumalanga. The capital, Mmabatho, is now the capital of the North West province.

See also

• Heads of State of Bophuthatswana
• Coins of Bophuthatswana

Further reading

• The Bang-bang Club: The Making of the New South Africa, Greg Marinovich and Joao Silva, William Heinemann, 2000 ISBN 0-434-00733-1
• Report of the Tebbutt Commission of Inquiry into the violence Bophuthatswana on 11 March 1994
• 72 days that shaped South Africa - compilation of newspaper excerpts from 1994

References