Black Orpheus (Orfeu Negro in Portuguese) is a 1959 film made in Brazil by French director Marcel Camus. It is based on the play Orfeu da Conceição by Vinicius de Moraes, which is an adaptation of the Greek legend of Orpheus and Eurydice, setting it in the modern context of Rio de Janeiro during the Carnaval. The film was an international co-production between production companies in Brazil, France and Italy.

The film is particularly renowned for its soundtrack by bossa nova legend Antonio Carlos Jobim, featuring songs such as "Manhã de Carnaval" (written by Luiz Bonfá) and "A felicidade" that were to become Bossa nova classics.

Black Orpheus won the Palme d'Or at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival as well as the 1960 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the 1960 Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film (in those awards the film was credited as a French production; only in the 1961 BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Language Film was Brazil credited together with France and Italy).

In 1999, the film was essentially remade as Orfeu by Carlos Diegues, this time with a soundtrack featuring contemporary Brazilian pop singer-songwriter Caetano Veloso.

Plot

The movie opens with images of white Greek statues that explode to reveal black men dancing samba to drums in a favela. Orpheus (Breno Mello) is a trolley driver in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as a playboy. Although engaged to be wed, he does not seem very enthusiastic about the concept of marriage and spends the majority of the film trying to avoid his fiancée, Mira (Lourdes de Oliveira).

The film begins with Orpheus and his fiancée going to get a marriage license. The clerk at the courthouse makes reference to the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, causing Orpheus's fiancée to get jealous and assume that there is another woman in his life. After they get the license, Mira agrees to buy her own ring because Orpheus wants to get his guitar out of the pawn shop for the carnival. When Orpheus gets home, he finds that his neighbor Serafina's (Léa Garcia) cousin named Eurydice (Marpessa Dawn) has been visiting. Death is after Eurydice (the man in the skeleton suit). This is shown in a scene in which the man chases her down and Orpheus gallantly goes to her rescue.

Orpheus, upon seeing Eurydice, wins her graces by playing her a song on his guitar. He is impressed upon her telling him the story of Orpheus and Eurydice and letting him know that she knows he knows of it also because of the song which he had just been playing. Orpheus is a pleasant break from the insanity of Carnival, which seems to agitate Eurydice’s already frightened state. The two of them fall in love, yet are constantly on the run from both Mira and death, both of whom wish to kill Eurydice.

On the day of Carnival, Eurydice dresses in Sarafina's costume in order help Sarafina spend more time with her navy man which keeps her face concealed. During the festival, Orpheus uses every excuse to be able to dance with Eurydice (which is supposed to be Sarafina) rather than Mira. He consistently tells Mira to get back to her place.

Eventually, Eurydice’s identity is revealed and she is forced once again to run for her life from both Mira and death. This time she is not so lucky and is killed accidentally by Orpheus in his own trolley station when he turns the power on and electrocutes her. Death says "Now she's mine" before knocking him out. Despite the obvious fact that she is dead and the less obvious fact that he is the one who actually killed her, he looks for Eurydice within the Bureau of Missing Persons. The janitor there tells him that the place only holds papers and that no people would be found there. The janitor seems to be illiterate and Orpheus's reading ability is also presented as highly questionable. The janitor, taking pity on Orpheus, takes him down the stairs and to the place of a Hoodoo/Voodoo ritual in a scene that seems to mimic Candomblé.

At the gate, there is a dog named Cerberus, after the three-headed dog of Hades in Greek mythology. At this ritual, Orpheus is able to channel the spirit of Eurydice through the body of an old woman. Orpheus calls out to her and asks to see her, but Eurydice begs him not to look toward the voice, lest he lose her forever. When he looks back to see Eurydice, her spirit leaves the woman and he loses her forever (This is in direct correlation to the Greek myth in which Orpheus is able to save his love Eurydice but loses her forever when he looks back at her).

He wanders in mourning for the remainder of the film. The Greek Orpheus also wandered around after Eurydice's death, refusing all other women until he is killed by Thracian women in the heat of Dionysian ritual. Like the Greek Orpheus, this Orpheus is killed by a group of apparently crazed women. As we see Orpheus' and Sarafina's shack burning (set by Mira, no doubt), it is finally Mira's stone that hits him in the head and knocks him over a cliff to his death as he carried Eurydice's limp body.

There are two children, Benedito and Zeca, who seem to follow Orpheus around throughout the plot (especially Benedito) who believes that it is Orpheus's guitar that causes the sun to rise in the morning. After Orpheus dies, Zeca is compelled by Benedito to pick up the guitar and play so that the sun may rise again. Zeca is able to play the guitar and the sun does rise. A little girl comes by, gives Zeca a single flower and the film ends with the three of them dancing.

Miscellany

• Marpessa Dawn, the actress who played Eurydice, was not actually from Brazil, but rather Pittsburgh.
• Black Orpheus plays an important role in 2008 Democratic Presidential hopeful Barack Obama's bestselling memoir Dreams from My Father.
• A young boy who dances across the screen playing pandeiro grew up to win a national pandeiro-playing contest and play his instrument around the world. Currently, Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro teaches in Los Angeles and at California Brazil Camp.

External links

• Black Orpheus at Rotten Tomatoes
• Criterion Collection essay by David Ehrenstein
• Culture Vulture review of Black Orpheus
• + History of BOSSA NOVA with audio and video samples, by ABDB