Base (topology)

In mathematics, a base (or basis) B for a topological space X with topology T is a collection of open sets in T such that every open set in T can be written as a union of elements of B. We say that the base generates the topology T. Bases are useful because many properties of topologies can be reduced to statements about a base generating that topology, and because many topologies are most easily defined in terms of a base which generates them.

Simple properties of bases

Two important properties of bases are:

1. The base elements cover X.
   
2. Let B₁, B₂ be base elements and let I be their intersection. Then for each x in I, there is another base element B₃ containing x and contained in I.

If a collection B of subsets of X fails to satisfy either of these, then it is not a base for any topology on X. (It is a subbase, however, as is any collection of subsets of X.) Conversely, if B satisfies both of the conditions 1 and 2, then there is a unique topology on X for which B is a base; it is called the topology generated by B. (This topology is the intersection of all topologies on X containing B.) This is a very common way of defining topologies. A sufficient but not necessary condition for B to generate a topology on X is that B is closed under intersections; then we can always take B₃ = I above.

For example, the collection of open intervals in the real line form a base for a topology on the real line because the intersection of any two open intervals is itself an open interval or empty. In fact they are a base for the standard topology on the real numbers. However, a base is not unique. Many bases, even of different sizes, may generate the same topology. For example, the open intervals with rational endpoints are also a base for the real numbers, as are the open intervals with irrational endpoints, but these two sets are completely disjoint and both properly contained in the base of all open intervals. In contrast to a basis of a vector space in linear algebra, a base need not be maximal; indeed, the only maximal base is the topology itself. In fact, any open sets in the space generated by a base may be safely added to the base without changing the topology. The smallest possible cardinality of a base is called the weight of the topological space.

An example of a collection of open sets which is not a base is the set S of all semi-infinite intervals of the forms (−∞, a) and (a, ∞), where a is a real number. Then S is not a base for any topology on R. To show this, suppose it were. Then, for example, (−∞, 1) and (0, ∞) would be in the topology generated by S, being unions of a single base element, and so their intersection (0,1) would be as well. But (0, 1) clearly cannot be written as a union of the elements of S. Using the alternate definition, the second property fails, since no base element can "fit" inside this intersection.

Given a base for a topology, in order to prove convergence of a net or sequence it is sufficient to prove that it is eventually in every set in the base which contains the putative limit.

Objects defined in terms of bases

• The order topology is usually defined as the topology generated by a collection of open-interval-like sets.
• The metric topology is usually defined as the topology generated by a collection of open balls.
• A second-countable space is one that has a countable base.
• The discrete topology has the singletons as a base.

Theorems

• For each point x in an open set U, there is a base element containing x and contained in U.
• A topology T₂ is finer than a topology T₁ if and only if for each x and each base element B of T₁ containing x, there is a base element of T₂ containing x and contained in B.
• If B₁,B₂,...,B_n are bases for the topologies T₁,T₂,...,T_n, then the set product B₁ × B₂ × ... × B_n is a base for the product topology T₁ × T₂ × ... × T_n. In the case of an infinite product, this still applies, except that all but finitely many of the base elements must be the entire space.
• Let B be a base for X and let Y be a subspace of X. Then if we intersect each element of B with Y, the resulting collection of sets is a base for the subspace Y.
• If a function f:X → Y maps every base element of X into an open set of Y, it is an open map. Similarly, if every preimage of a base element of Y is open in X, then f is continuous.
• A collection of subsets of X is a topology on X if and only if it generates itself.
• B is a basis for a topological space X if and only if the subcollection of elements of B which contain x form a local base at x, for any point x of X.

Base for the closed sets

Closed sets are equally adept at describing the topology of a space. There is, therefore, a dual notion of a base for the closed sets of a topological space. Given a topological space X, a base for the closed sets of X is a family of closed sets F such that any closed set A is an intersection of members of F.

Equivalently, a family of closed sets forms a base for the closed sets if for each closed set A and each point x not in A there exists an element of F containing A but not containing x.

It is easy to check that F is a base for the closed sets of X if and only if the family of complements of members of F is a base for the open sets of X.

Let F be a base for the closed sets of X. Then

1. ∩F = ∅
2. For each F₁ and F₂ in F the union F₁ ∪ F₂ is the intersection of some subfamily of F (i.e. for any x not in F₁ or F₂ there is an F₃ in F containing F₁ ∪ F₂ and not containing x).

Any collection of subsets of a set X satisfying these properties forms a base for the closed sets of a topology on X. The closed sets of this topology are precisely the intersections of members of F.

In some cases it is more convenient to use a base for the closed sets rather than the open ones. For example, a space if completely regular if and only if the zero sets form a base for the closed sets. Given any topological space X, the zero sets form the base for the closed sets of some topology on X. This topology will be finest completely regular topology on X coarser than the original one. In a similar vein, the Zariski topology on Aⁿ is defined by taking the zero sets of polynomial functions as a base for the closed sets.

See also

• Subbase
• Gluing axiom

References

• Stephen Willard, General Topology, (1970) Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading Massachusetts.
• Munkres, Topology: a First Course, Prentice-Hall, 1975.