Antipope John XXIII

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See also, twentieth-century pope John XXIII

Baldassare Cossa (c. 1370 – November 22, 1419), also known as John XXIII, was Pope or antipope during the Western Schism (1410–1415) and is now officially regarded by the Catholic Church as an antipope.

Biography

Baldassare Cardinal Cossa was born in Procida (according to other sources, Ischia).

He was one of the seven cardinals who, in May of 1408, deserted Pope Gregory XII, and, with those belonging to the obedience of Antipope Benedict XIII, convened the Council of Pisa, of which Cossa became the leader. They elected Pope Alexander V in 1409. Cossa succeeded him a year later.

Edward Gibbon asserts in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire that John XXIII was charged with piracy, murder, rape, sodomy, and incest, with the more serious charges being suppressed. Of course, this needs to be viewed in the light of the political situation of the time, as the charges were likely trumped up; note the similarity to the charges against the Knights Templar.

He should not be confused with Pope John XXIII of the twentieth century. The fact that there were a number of Popes named John during the first 1400 years of the Church and then no more for over 500 years is probably due to the controversial figure this Antipope represented. When Cardinal Angelo Roncalli was elected and became Pope John, there was some confusion as to whether he would be John XXIII or John XXIV; he then declared that he was John XXIII to put this question to rest. The decision of the twentieth century Pope John XXIII not to be named John XXIV as might be expected serves as a confirmation of the antipope status of this first John XXIII. It should be noted, however, that the numbering of the Popes called John is debatable (as there was no John XX); for example, Gibbon refers to the Antipope John as John XXIII.

The origins of the North American student fraternity Kappa Sigma stem from Cossa's governorship of Bologna, where his campaign of assault and robbery against the students of the University of Bologna led to the formation of a secret organization under the teacher Manuel Chrysoloras for mutual protection against Cossa's robbers.

With the aid of the Emperor Sigismund, Pope John convened the Council of Constance in 1415. During the third session rival Pope Gregory XII authorized the council as well, and soon both Popes abdicated in favor of Pope Martin V. Cossa, as he was again, was briefly imprisoned in Germany before being freed by Martin V in 1418. However, Mandell Creighton, famous historian of the Papacy casts doubt on the election of Martin V by the fathers of Constance in light of its having been convoked by Baldassare Cossa as Pope John XXIII, not only because Cossa was notorious but because Pope Gregory gave his consent under conditions which amounted to duress, i.e. the vociferous condemnations of Cossa, and the flight for his life, being examples of possible treatment in such a mileau.

He died in Florence, as cardinal bishop of Tusculum, in 1419. He is buried in a magnificent tomb in the Battistero di San Giovanni in Florence.

Notes and References

External links

Antipope John XXIII at The Catholic Encyclopedia

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Last updated on Wednesday March 12, 2008 at 07:23:45 PDT (GMT -0700)
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