Alexander Joseph of Battenberg (April 5, 1857 - November 17, 1893), the first prince (knyaz) of modern Bulgaria, reigning from April 29, 1879 to September 7, 1886.

Early life

Alexander was the second son of Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine by the latter's morganatic marriage with Countess Julia von Hauke. The countess and her descendants gained the title of Princess of Battenberg (derived from an old residence of the Grand Dukes of Hesse) and the style Durchlaucht ("Serene Highness") in 1858. Prince Alexander was a nephew of Russia's Tsar Alexander II, who had married a sister of Prince Alexander of Hesse; his mother, a daughter of Count Moritz von Hauke, had been lady-in-waiting to the tsaritsa.

Prince of Bulgaria

In his boyhood and early youth Alexander frequently visited Saint Petersburg, and he accompanied his uncle, the Tsar, who was much attached to him, during the Bulgarian campaign of 1877. When, under the Treaty of Berlin (1878), Bulgaria became an autonomous principality under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, the Tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a candidate for the newly-created throne, and the Grand National Assembly unanimously elected Prince Alexander as Prince of Bulgaria (April 29, 1879). At that time he held a commission as a lieutenant in the Prussian life-guards at Potsdam. Before proceeding to Bulgaria, Prince Alexander paid visits to the Tsar at Livadia, to the courts of the great powers and to the sultan; a Russian warship then conveyed him to Varna, and after taking the oath to the new constitution at Turnovo (July 8, 1879) he went to Sofia. The people everywhere en route greeted him with immense enthusiasm. (For the political history of Prince Alexander's reign, see History of Bulgaria.)

The new ruling prince had not had any previous training in governing, and a range of problems confronted him. He found himself caught between the official representatives of Russia, who wanted him to behave as a roi fainéant, and the Bulgarian politicians, who actively pursued their own quarrels with a violence that threatened the stability of Bulgaria.

After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the Russian tsar, Alexander assumed absolute power (May 9 1881). A specially convened assembly voted (July 13, 1881) for suspension of the ultra-democratic constitution for a period of seven years. The experiment, however, proved unsuccessful; the monarchical coup infuriated Bulgarian Liberal and Radical politicians, and the real power passed to two Russian generals, Sobolev and Kaulbars, specially despatched from Saint Petersburg. The prince, after vainly endeavouring to obtain the recall of the generals, restored the constitution with the concurrence of all the Bulgarian political parties (September 18, 1883). A serious breach with Russia followed, and the part which the prince subsequently played in encouraging the national aspirations of the Bulgarians widened that breach.

The revolution of Plovdiv (September 18, 1885), which brought about the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria, took place with Alexander's consent, and he at once assumed the government of the province. In the year which followed, the prince gave evidence of considerable military and diplomatic ability. He rallied the Bulgarian army, now deprived of its Russian officers, to resist the Serbian invasion, and after a brilliant victory at Slivnitza (November 19) pursued King Milan of Serbia into Serbian territory as far as Pirot, which he captured (November 27). Although the intervention of Austria protected Serbia from the consequences of defeat, Prince Alexander's success sealed the union with Eastern Rumelia, and after long negotiations the sultan Abdul Hamid II nominated the Prince of Bulgaria as governor-general of that province for five years (April 5 1886).

Loss of throne

This arrangement, however, cost Alexander much of his popularity in Bulgaria, while discontent prevailed among a number of his officers, who considered themselves slighted in the distribution of rewards at the close of the campaign. A military plot formed, and on the night of August 20 1886 the conspirators seized the prince in the palace at Sofia and compelled to sign his abdication; they then hurried him to the Danube at Rakhovo, transported him on his yacht to Reni, and handed him over to the Russian authorities, who allowed him to proceed to Lemberg. However he soon returned to Bulgaria as a result of the success of the counter-revolution led by Stefan Stambolov, which overthrew the provisional government set up by the Russian party at Sofia. His position, however, had become untenable, partly as a result of an ill-considered telegram which he addressed to Tsar Alexander III of Russia on his return. The attitude of Bismarck, who, in conjunction with the Russian and Austrian governments, forbade him to punish the leaders of the military conspiracy, also undermined Alexander's position. He therefore issued a manifesto resigning the throne, and left Bulgaria on September 8, 1886.

Last years

Alexander now retired into private life. A few years later he married Johanna Loisinger, an actress, and assumed the style of Count Hartenau (February 6, 1889). There were a son and a daughter of this marriage. The last years of his life he spent principally at Graz, where he held a local command in the Austrian army, and where he died on October 23 1893. His remains, brought to Sofia, received a public funeral there, and were buried in a mausoleum erected to his memory.

Prince Alexander possessed much charm and amiability of manner; he was tall, dignified and strikingly handsome. Competent authorities have generally recognised his capabilities as a soldier. As a ruler he committed some errors, but his youth and inexperience and the extreme difficulty of his position account for much. He had some aptitude for diplomacy, and his intuitive insight and perception of character sometimes enabled him to outwit the crafty politicians who surrounded him. His principal fault remained a want of tenacity and resolution; his tendency to unguarded language undoubtedly increased the number of his enemies.

See:

• Drandar, Le Prince Alexandre de Battenberg en Bulgarie (Paris, 1884)
• Koch, Fürst Alexander von Bulgarien (Darmstadt, 1887)
• Matveyev, Bulgarien nach dem Berliner Congress (Petersburg, 1887)
• Bourchier, "Prince Alexander of Battenberg," in Fortnightly Review, January 1894.

Ancestors

Alexander's ancestors in three generations

Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria	Father: Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine	Paternal Grandfather: Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse	Paternal Great-grandfather: Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
		Paternal Grandmother: Wilhelmine of Baden	Paternal Great-grandfather: Margrave Charles Louis of Baden
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
	Mother: Julia von Hauke	Maternal Grandfather: John Maurice von Hauke	Maternal Great-grandfather: Fryderyk Karol Hauke
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Maria Salomea Schweppenhäuser
		Maternal Grandmother: Sophie de la Fontaine	Maternal Great-grandfather: Franciszek la Fontaine
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Maria Teresa Kornely

See also

• History of Bulgaria
• Battenberg Mausoleum

References