Agustín de Iturbide

Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (September 27, 1783 – July 19, 1824) was Emperor of Mexico as Augustin I (Spanish: Agustín I) from 1822 to 1823.

In 1838, the government of Anastasio Bustamante gave him the posthumous title of "National Liberator".

While some historians give him great credit for acheiving Mexican independence without the bloodshed witnessed in the independence of other Latin American nations (e.g. Bolívar's Wars), Mexicans generally prefer to identify other national liberators, particularly Miguel Hidalgo, although they caused extreme violence and failed to achieve independence.

Arreguí and María Josefa de Arámburu y Carrillo de Figueroa, both Spaniards of notable families.

He was an able military commander and in 1816 was put in command of the Spanish forces in the north of Mexico.

He gradually grew more sympathetic to the Mexican cause, however, and began secret negotiations with rebel leader Vicente Guerrero. In 1820 Iturbide joined the rebels, taking most of his loyal army with him. The resulting army was known as the Army of the Three Guarantees. In February 1821 Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero issued the Plan de Iguala, calling for a unified, separate, and completely independent Mexico.

They succeeded in rallying the other rebels together and driving the Spanish royalists from the country. Iturbide became the head of the new government junta. In a historic mistake, he signed an agreement with the departing Spaniards that they could leave with the value of their land holdings in hard currency. As Spaniards held title to most of the best land in the country, this quickly depleted Mexico of all its currency; even silver church bells and gold altarpieces were melted down in an attempt to pay off the debts, and Mexico entered the world as a new nation in a state of bankruptcy.

Mexican Emperor

Iturbide was backed and influenced by conservadores (conservatives) who favored an independent Mexico with a monarch from one of the European royal families as head of state. When no European royals accepted Mexico's offer (as Spain still had hopes of taking Mexico back), Iturbide was persuaded by his advisors to be named Emperor in the manner of Napoleon I.

Iturbide did this with some genuine reluctance, since he sincerely believed in the Divine Right of Kings, and thought that as someone without royal blood he was unworthy. On the evening of May 18, 1822 he was proclaimed emperor by soldiers in the street. He appeared at his balcony and declined the honor without a resolution of Congress. Early the following morning Congress was assembled, and it voted 77-15 to name him emperor. On July 21, 1822, he was crowned "Augustin I, Constitutional Emperor of Mexico".

Iturbide attempted to run the nation as he had led the army, giving orders and commanding that those who disagreed with him be imprisoned. Opposition to his administration soon grew, and in 1823 various regional governors and military commanders, among them Guadalupe Victoria and Antonio López de Santa Anna, issued the "Plan de Casa Mata", calling for Iturbide's overthrow and declaring Mexico a Republic.

Abdication

On March 19, 1823, Iturbide abdicated under duress and eventually agreed to leave the country without a fight. In exchange for this, he was granted a pension. He sailed to exile in Italy, then moved to London where he published his autobiography "Statement of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustín de Iturbide". In 1824, amid growing instability, the Mexican government decided he was a threat to their power and decreed that should he ever set foot in Mexico again, he would be executed. Prior to news of this reaching him in London, Agustín decided to return in the hope of helping calm the growing instability and landed in Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas, on July 15, 1824. He was immediately arrested, and soon after executed, by the local authorities in the town of Padilla.

In 1838, the Conservative government of Anastasio Bustamante moved Iturbide's body to the Cathedral in Mexico City and reburied him in splendor with the title of "National Liberator".

In 1865, Iturbide's grandson Agustín de Iturbide y Green was adopted and named heir by the nation's only other emperor, Maximilian I of Mexico.

Issue

Agustín was married on February 27, 1805 to Ana María Josefa Ramona de Huarte y Muñiz (1786 - 1861) they had 10 children:

• HIH Don Agustin Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte, Prince Imperial of Mexico (1807 - 1866)
• HH Doña Sabina de Iturbide y Huarte (1809 - 1871)
• HH Doña Juana María de Iturbide y Huarte (1811 - 1828)
• HH Doña Josefa de Iturbide y Huarte (1814 - 1891)
• HH Don Ángel de Iturbide y Huarte (1816 - 1872) father of Agustín de Iturbide y Green
• HH Doña María Isis de Iturbide y Huarte (1818 - 1849)
• HH Doña María de los Dolores de Iturbide y Huarte (1819 - 1820)
• HH Don Salvador de Iturbide y Huarte (1820 - 1856) father of Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán
• HH Don Felipe Andrés María Guadalupe de Iturbide y Huarte (1822 - 1853)
• HH Don Agustín Cosme de Iturbide y Huarte (1824 - 1873)

See also

• History of Mexico
• Antonio Valero de Bernabe

External links

• Imperial House of Mexico
• Manifiesto o Memoria handwritten document by Agustín de Iturbide, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• The Iturbide Family (in Spanish)
• The Last Prince of the Mexican Empire, a novel by C.M. Mayo based on the true story of Agustn de Iturbide y Green

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