Licensed from Columbia University Press
Licensed from Columbia University Press
City (pop., 2000: 1,091,000), south-central Turkey, on the Seyhan River. An agricultural and industrial centre and one of Turkey's largest cities, it probably overlies a Hittite settlement that dates from circa 1400 BC. Conquered by Alexander the Great in 335–334 BC, it was later a Roman military station. It came under the rule of the
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Adana (the ancient Antioch in Cilicia or Antioch on the Sarus) is the capital of Adana Province in Turkey. The city administrates two districts, Seyhan and Yüreğir, with a total population of 1,530,257 and an area of 1,945 km². It is the fifth most populous city of Turkey (after Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and Bursa).
For most Turkish people, the word 'Adana' associates with Kebab, şalgam, cotton, oranges and very hot weather.
Adana is named among the 25 European Regions of the Future for 2006/2007 by Foreign Direct Investment Magazine. Chosen alongside Kocaeli for Turkey, Adana scored the most points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while Adana and Kocaeli tied on points for the categories of human resources and quality of life.
Location
One of the largest and most dynamic cities in Turkey and situated thirty kilometers (nineteen miles) inland, Adana is the gateway to the Cilician plain, now known as the Çukurova plain, the large stretch of flat and fertile land which lies to the south-east of the Taurus Mountains. This is possibly the most productive area in this part of the world.
From Adana, crossing the Çukurova going west, the road from Tarsus enters the foothills of the Taurus Mountains. The temperature decreases with every foot of ascent; the road reaches an altitude of nearly . It goes through the famous Cilician or Çukurova Gates, the rocky pass through which armies have coursed since the dawn of history, and continues to the Anatolian plain.
The north of the city is surrounded by the Seyhan reservoir and HEP, which was completed in 1956. The dam has constructed for hydroelectric power (HEP) and to provide irrigation water to the lower part of Çukurova plain, agricultural cultivating area located in the south part of the city. Two irrigation channels in the city flow to the plain passing through the city center from east to west. Also there is another canal for irrigating the Yüreğir plain to the southeast of the city.
Climate
Adana has a typical Mediterranean climate. Winters are warm and summers are hot and humid. Winters are about 13° to 15°C, and very humid and summers are 34° to 46°C.
Etymology
Some claim that the name is derived from the Hittite URUAdaniya of Kizzuwatna, while others contend that it is related with the legendary Danaus and the Danaoi, a legendary Greek tribe. In the Iliad of Homer, the city is called Adana. In Hellenistic times, it was known as Antiochia in Cilicia (Αντιόχεια της Κιλικίας) or Antiochia ad Sarum (Greek: Αντιόχεια η προς Σάρον; "Antiocia on the Sarus"). The editors of The Helsinki Atlas tentatively identify Adana as Quwê (as contained in cuneiform tablets), the Neo-Assyrian capital of Quwê province. The name also appears as Coa, and may be the place referred to in the Bible, where King Solomon obtained horses. (I Kings 10:28; II Chron. 1:16).The name of the city is believed to have come from a legend that Adanus and Sarus, two sons of Uranus, came to a place near the Seyhan River where they built Adana.
Alternatively, it is believed that Adad (Tesup), the name of the Hittite Thunder God that lived in the forest was given to the region. The Hittites ideas, names and writings have been found in the area so this is a strong possibility. The theory goes that since the Thunder God brought so much rain and this rain in turn brought such great abundance in this particular region, this god was loved and respected by its inhabitants and, in his honor, the region was called the 'Uru Adaniyya'; in other words 'The Region of Ada'.
Adana's name has had many different versions over the centuries: Adanos, Ta Adana, Uru Adaniya, Erdene, Edene, Ezene, Batana, Atana, Azana, Addane.
History
The history of Adana is intrinsically linked to the history of Tarsus; they seem often to be the same city, moving as the neighbouring Seyhan River changed its position, and the name changed too over the course of centuries. Adana was of little importance in ancient history, while Tarsus was the metropolis of the area. Also, Ayas (today Yumurtalık), and Kozan (formerly Sis) have been population and administrative centers, especially during the time of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.The history of Adana goes back more than 3000 years; finds in the region reveal human occupation of the area during the Paleolithic Age.
Tepebag Tumulus, where archaeologists found a stone wall and a city center, was built in the Neolithic Age; it is considered to be the oldest city of the Cilicia region.
An Adana is mentioned by name in a Sumerian epic, the Epic of Gilgamesh, but the geography of this work is too imprecise to identify its location.
According to the Hittite inscription of Kava, found in Hattusa (Boğazkale), Kizzuwatna was the first kingdom that ruled Adana, under the protection of the Hittites by 1335 BC. In that time, the name of the city was Uru Adaniyya, and the inhabitants were called Danuna.
Beginning with the collapse of the Hittite Empire, c. 1191-1189 BC, invasions from the west caused a number of small kingdoms to take control of the plain, as follows: Kue Assyrians, 9th century BC; Cilician Kingdom, Persians, 6th century BC; Alexander the Great in 333 BC; Seleucids; and the pirates of Cilicia and Roman statesman Pompey the Great.
During the era of Pompey, the city was used as a prison for the pirates of Cilicia. For several centuries thereafter, it was a waystation on a Roman military road leading to the East. After the split of the Roman Empire, the area became part of the Byzantine Empire, and was probably developed during the time of Julian. With the building of large bridges, roads, government buildings, and irrigation and plantation, Adana and Cilicia became the most developed and important trade centers of the region.
Middle Ages
In the mid 7th century, the city was captured by the Arab Abbasids. According to an Arab historian of that era, the name of the city was derived from Ezene, the prophet Yazene's grandson.The Byzantines recaptured Adana in 964. After the victory of Alp Arslan at the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks overran much of the Byzantine Empire. They had reached and captured Adana sometime before 1071 and continued to hold the place until Tancred, a leader of the First Crusade, captured the city in 1097.
In 1132, it was captured by the forces of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, under its king, Leo I. It was taken by Byzantine forces in 1137, but the Armenians regained it around 1170. In 1268 there was a terrible earthquake which destroyed much of the city. Adana was rebuilt and remained a part of the Kingdom of Cilician Armenia until around 1360, when the city was ceded by Constantine III to the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt in return for obtaining a peace treaty. The Mamluks' capture of the city allowed many Turkish families to settle in it. The Ramazanoğlu family, one of the Turkish families brought by the Mamluks, ruled Adana until the Ottomans captured the city.
Modern Era
From the end of the Renaissance to the modern era (1517–1918), the Ottoman Empire ruled the area.In the 1830s, in order to secure Egypt's independence for the Ottoman Empire, the army of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the viceroy of Egypt, invaded Syria on two occasions, and reached the Adana plain. The subsequent peace treaty secured Egypt's independence, but (at the insistence of Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia) required the evacuation of all Egyptian forces from Syria, and its return to Ottoman sovereignty. In the aftermath, Adana was established as a province in its own right.
In 1909 Adana was the location of the Adana massacre. Turkish scholars and some others refer to the event as the Adana rebellion, based on a thesis of its underlying causes.
After World War I, the Ottoman government surrendered control of the city to French troops, and an Armenian troop equipped by French was sent to occupy the city. During the Turkish War of Independence, Adana was strategically important. Mustafa Kemal came to the city on October 31, 1918, and stayed there for eleven days. As a result, he decided to fight against the Allies, and the idea of Kuvayi Milliye was born.
Turkish nationalists fought against Allied forces, and on October 20, 1921, the Treaty of Ankara was signed between France and the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Based on the terms of the agreement, France signified the end of the Cilicia War; afterwards French invasion troops together with the Armenian volunteers withdrew from the city on January 5, 1922.
On 30 January 1943, Adana played host to Winston Churchill, determined to secure Turkey's entry into the Second World War on the side of the Allies, for a conference with the President İsmet İnönü (Adana Conference). The Turkish neutrality and İnönü's policy based on rationing concessions to both sides meant that the conference remained without substantial results.
Chronology
- Luvi Kingdom (1900 BC )
- Arzava Kingdom (1500-1333 BC)
- Hittite Empire (1900-1200 BC)
- Assyrian Empire (713-663 BC)
- Persian Empire (550-333 BC)
- Hellenistic (333-323 BC)
- Seleucid Empire (312-133 BC)
- Pirates of Cilicia (178-112 BC)
- Romans (112 BC-395 AD)
- Byzantines (395-638; 964-1071)
- Abbasids
- Great Seljuk Sultanate
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1078-1375)
- Mamluks
- Beylik (principality) of Ramazanoğlu
- Ottoman Empire
Adana today
Adana has become an international metropolis, stretching and swallowing its neighbors. Adana is the marketing and distribution center for the Çukurova agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soy bean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. The main industries of the city are textile manufacturing, leather tanning, and wool processing. The houses in Adana have flat tops, and the roofs serve as bedrooms for the inhabitants during the hot summers.The city of Adana today is administered by three district council authorities: Seyhan, Yüreğir, and Karaisalı. Seyhan is the more developed part of the city on the west bank of Seyhan river, Yüreğir is located on the east bank. Karaisalı is best-known for growing myrtleberries (myrtus communis).
The city is also famous for its cuisine, including; the Adana kebab; şalgam, a salty fermented juice made from turnips; Şırdan a kind of home-made sausage stuffed with rice, and eaten with cumin; paça, boiled sheep's feet; bicibici (pronounced as bee-jee-bee-jee) made from diced semolina, rose water and sugar and served with crushed ice, consumed especially in summer time. Furthermore, the city has a number of famous desserts, such as Halka Tatlı a round shaped dessert and Taş Kadayıf a bow shaped dessert. Several types of fruit, including the apricot, are native to this area.
NATO's Incirlik Air Base is located in town of İncirlik, east of Adana. Shopping in Adana is enhanced the 'American bazaar' a street market selling new and second-hand goods that have seeped out of the Incirlik Air-base.
Mr. Aytaç Durak has been the mayor of Adana for two terms: 1984 - 1989, 1994 - present. He is a member of AK Parti.
Sightseeing
- Stone Bridge, built in part during the 6th-century reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, the oldest extant bridge in the world which is still in use.
- Yilanlı Kale The ruins of a castle dating from 782.
- Büyük Saat (The Great Clock), a large clock tower, was built by the local governor of Adana in 1882. Unfortunately, it was damaged during the French occupation but it was rebuilt in 1935, and its image can be found in the city's coat of arms. There are many historical buildings and tombs of local governors next to the Büyük Saat.
- The old bazaar, Kazancılar Çarşısı (Bazaar of Cauldron-Makers), founded around Büyük Saat, where Çarşı Hamamı (Bath of the Bazaar), a Turkish bath built in 1519 can be found.
- Bebekli Kilise (Church of Babies) is an old Catholic church located in the city center. There are many historic houses in the street where the church is located.
- Seyhan Dam
- Ramazanoğlu Türbesi
Mosques
- Adana Ulu Camii
- New Mosque
- Butter mosque
- Eski Camii
- Sabancı Mosque
- Alemdar Mescidi
- Şeyh Zülfi mescidi
Museums
- Adana Museum
- Adana Etnography Museum
- Adana Archeological Museum
- Adana Atatürk Museum
- Misis Mosaic Museum
Hammams
- Irmak Hamamı
- Mestenzade Hamamı
- Yeni Hamam
Festivals
- Adana Golden Boll International Film Festival (Altın Koza Film Festivali)
Education
Transport
Railway
- Adana Railway Station on the Baghdad Railway.
Airport
Sports and Athletics
There is a race-track and also two well-known football teams:Notable natives
- Abidin Dino - Painter, Sculptor, Author
- Ali Erdemir - Scientist in metallurgy
- Ali Özgentürk - Director
- Ali Sabancı - Businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
- Arzu Özyiğit - Female basketball player
- Ayşe Arman - Leading journalist
- Aytaç Arman - Actor
- Bilge Kösebalaban - Rock music guitarist and vocalist
- Cenk Koray - Talkshow Host
- Can Kozanoğlu - Author, Editor
- Demir Demirkan - Rock musician and songwriter
- Demir Karahan - Actor
- Erol Büyükburç - Pop Music Singer - Turkish pop music
- Eyüp Can - Journalist
- Faruk Loğoğlu - Former Ambassador
- Fatih Terim - Former football player, ex-manager of Galatasaray and Coach of the Turkish national football team
- Feridun Düzağaç - Musician, Columnist
- Ferdi Tayfur - Singer, composer and actor
- Haluk Levent - Rock singer
- Haroutioun Hovanes Chakmakjian - Armenian-American chemist and Armenian dictionary compiler. Father of Alan Hovhannes.
- Hasan Şaş - Galatasaray footballer
- İrfan Mavruk - Nuclear Scientist, Inventor, Missile Design Engineer
- İsmail Safa Özler - Former Politician and Minister of Education
- İsmet Atlı - Olympic medalist wrestler
- Kasım Gülek - Statesman
- Kıvanç Tatlıtuğ - Actor and male supermodel
- Mehmet Sabancı - Businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
- Murat Kekilli - Rock singer
- Mustafa Cihan - Mount Everest summiter
- Mustafa İnan - Physicist
- Muzaffer İzgü - Writer
- Nebil Özgentürk - Journalist, Editor
- Orhan Kemal - Novelist
- Ozan Çolakoğlu - Composer, songwriter, music producer
- Ömer Sabancı - Businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
- Özdemir Sabancı - Businessman, member of the Sabancı family in 2nd generation
- Özgür Peştimalci - Rock music drummer
- Roupen Altiparmakian - Armenian oud and violin player in Greece and New York.
- Serra Sabancı - Businesswoman, member of the Sabancı family in 3rd generation
- Suna Kan - Classical music violinist
- Suphi Baykam - Statesman
- Şaziye İvegin - Female basketball player
- Şener Şen - Actor
- Tatul Altunyan - Armenian musician, composer, arranger. Leader of the Soviet Armenian State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble.
- Tayyibe Gülek - Economist and politician
- Turgut Aykaç - Olympic medalist boxer
- Yaşar Kemal - Writer
- Yılmaz Güney - Actor and film director
- Yılmaz Köksal - Actor
Sister Cities
See also
References
Other sources
- Simo Parpola and Michael Porter (2001). The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period ISBN 951-45-9050-3. Gazetteer, Helsinki, Finland.
- Richard Talbert (2004). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World ISBN 0-691-03169-X. The Overlook Press, New York.
- Andrew Mango (2004). The Turks today ISBN 1585677566. The Overlook Press, New York.
External links
- Governorship of Adana
- Adana Trade and Industry Chamber
- Many pictures of this city with sub-gallery for the fine Ulu Camii
- History of Adana
- Adana Rock
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Last updated on Thursday October 09, 2008 at 05:45:12 PDT (GMT -0700)
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