Events of 1834

• January 1 - Zollverein: Abolition of customs charges at borders within Germany.
• January 3 - The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City.
• March 6 - York, Upper Canada is incorporated as Toronto.
• March 27 - Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States
• June 7 - Greek independence general Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released next year).
• July 15 - The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
• July 16 - William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
• July 24 - End of the Liberal Wars in Portugal.
• August 1 - Slavery abolished in the British Empire (see Slavery Abolition Act).
• August 11/12 - Ursuline Convent Riots: a convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston, MA.
• August 15 - South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there.
• October 16 - Palace of Westminster destroyed by fire
• December 10 - Sir Robert Peel succeeds Lord Melbourne as Prime Minister of the UK
• December 11 - Outbreak of the Sixth Xhosa War; severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony. Dutch speaking settlers colonize area north of Orange River.

Undated

• Failed pro-republic uprising in Piedmont – one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• British East India Company monopoly on China trade ends.
• Robert Owen organizes the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union.

Births

January - June

• January 7 - Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and inventor (d. 1874)
• February 8 - Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (d. 1907)
• February 9 - Felix Dahn, German author (d. 1912)
• February 16 - Ernst Haeckel, German zoologist and philosopher (d. 1919)
• February 19 - Charles Davis Lucas, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1914)
• March 16 - James Hector, Scottish geologist (d. 1907)
• March 17 - Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and inventor (d. 1900)
• March 20 - Charles W. Eliot, American President of Harvard University (d. 1926)
• March 23 - Julius Reubke, German composer (d. 1858).
• March 24
• William Morris, English poet and artist (d. 1896)
• John Wesley Powell, American explorer (d. 1902)
• April 1 - Big Jim Fisk, American entrepreneur (d. 1872)
• April 2 - Frédéric Bartholdi, French sculptor (d. 1904)
• May 23 - Carl Heinrich Bloch, Danish sculptor (d. 1890)
• June 19 - Charles Spurgeon, English Baptist preacher (d. 1892)

July - December

• July 10 - James McNeill Whistler, American painter and etcher (d. 1903)
• July 19 - Edgar Degas, French painter (d. 1917)
• August 4 - John Venn, British mathematician (d. 1923)
• August 22 - Samuel Pierpont Langley, American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (d. 1906)
• August 31 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (d. 1886)
• September 9 - Joseph Henry Shorthouse, English novelist (d. 1903)
• November 19 - Georg Hermann Quincke, German physicist (d. 1924)
• October 8 - Walter Kittredge, American composer (d. 1905)
• December 16 - Léon Walras, French economist (d. 1910)

Deaths

January - June

• January 12 - William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1759)
• January 17 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)
• February 2 - Lorenzo Dow, American minister (b. 1777)
• February 12 - Friedrich Schleiermacher, German theologian (b. 1768)
• February 23 - Karl Ludwig von Knebel, German poet (b. 1744)
• March 2 - José Cecilo del Valle, first President of Central America (b. 1780)
• April 5 - Vice-Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1757)
• April 10 - John 'Merino' MacArthur, Australian farmer (b. 1767)
• April 11 - John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, English philanthropist and patron of the arts and sciences (b. 1757)
• April 29 - Grigore IV Ghica, prince of Wallachia (b. 1822)
• May 20 - Marquis de la Fayette, French nobleman and soldier (b. 1757)

July - December

• July 12 - David Douglas, Scottish botanist (b. 1799)
• July 14 - Edmond Charles Genêt, French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution (b. 1763)
• July 19 - Károly Hadaly, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1743)
• July 25 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English writer (b. 1772)
• August 1 - Robert Morrison, Scottish Protestant missionary to China (b. 1782)
• August 7 - Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (b. 1752)
• August 17 - Husein Gradaščević, Bosnian rebel leader (b. 1802)
• September 2 - Thomas Telford, Scottish engineer (b. 1757)
• September 9 - James Weddell, Antarctic explorer (b. 1787)
• September 16 - William Blackwood, English writer (b. 1776)
• September 24 - Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1798)
• October 8 - François-Adrien Boïeldieu, French composer (b. 1775)
• October 11 - William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier, British Navy officer, politician and diplomat (b. 1786)
• December 23 - Thomas Malthus, English economist and political philosopher (b. 1766)
• December 27 - Charles Lamb, English essayist (b. 1775)