Rochester-upon-Medway, district (1991 pop. 142,000), Kent, SE England, on the Medway River. Cement, heavy machinery, electronic equipment, precision tools, and clothing are made. Rochester is the chief city. In Roman times it was called Durobrivae; it was also important in Saxon times. St. Augustine founded a mission and bishopric there in 604, and Bishop Gundulf had a cathedral built on its site in the late 11th and early 12th cent. Most of the present cathedral is of 12th- to 14th-century construction. A Norman wall 12 ft (3.7 m) thick surrounds the ruins of a 12th-century castle, which was several times beseiged. King's School for boys was refounded in 1542. James II left Rochester in disguise in 1688. Charles Dickens's home at Gadshill is nearby.

Richmond upon Thames, outer borough (1991 pop. 154,600) of Greater London, SE England. The borough was created in 1965 by the merger of the municipal boroughs of Barnes, Richmond, and Twickenham. Richmond upon Thames is mainly residential, with more than 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) of public recreation grounds and a wetlands wildlife reserve. The annual Oxford-Cambridge boat race on the Thames takes place almost entirely within the borough. Rugby matches between the two schools are also played there. Famous houses include Hampton Court Palace, the residence of Henry VIII, and Strawberry Hill, the home of Horace Walpole.

Newcastle upon Tyne, University of, at Newcastle upon Tyne, England; established 1937 as King's College as a result of the merger of Armstrong College (1871) and the College of Medicine (1834) of the Univ. of Durham. In 1963 the school gained university status. It has faculties of arts, science, engineering, social and environmental sciences, medicine, law, agriculture, and education.

Newcastle upon Tyne, city (1991 pop. 199,064) and metropolitan district, NE England, on the Tyne River. The city is an important shipping and trade center. The famous coal-shipping industry began in the 13th cent.; coal, however, was exceeded by wool exports until the 16th cent. A number of heavy industries are also there, such as shipbuilding, marine machinery and equipment, defense equipment, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The city experienced an industrial revival in the 1990s with industries manufacturing computer components, motor vehicles, and household appliances. Several bridges cross the Tyne to Gateshead, including the tilting, arc-shaped Gateshead Millenium Bridge for pedestrians and cyclists.

The city rests on the site of the Roman military station Pons Aelii, at Hadrian's Wall. Later the site was occupied by the Angles until the Norman conquest. In 1080, Robert II, duke of Normandy and eldest son of William the Conqueror, had a fortified castle built (from which Newcastle takes its name). The castle was besieged and repaired several times; the oldest remaining parts date from 1177. The city walls, of which traces and towers remain, are attributed to Edward I. For 10 months in 1646, Charles I was a prisoner in Newcastle.

The Cathedral of St. Nicholas dates partly from the 14th cent. Other notable old buildings include Trinity Almshouse (1492) and the Royal Grammar School, founded in the 16th cent. Among the many educational institutions are the Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, formerly King's College.

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States: see under 9/11.

Kingston upon Thames, outer borough (1991 pop. 130,300) of Greater London, SE England. Mainly residential, it has light engineering works and manufactures electronic equipment. It also contains one of the largest shopping centers in outer London. In the 10th cent. several Anglo-Saxon kings were crowned at Kingston upon Thames; the stone believed to have been used during the coronations is preserved in the marketplace. Modernization of the area began in the early 19th cent. Kingston College of Further Education and Kingston Polytechnic are in the borough. Kingston Grammar School was founded in 1561.

Kingston upon Hull: see Hull, England.

Burton upon Trent, urban area (1991 pop. 47,930), Staffordshire, W central England, on the Trent River and the Grand Trunk Canal. Brewing, begun there by Benedictine monks, is the most famous industry. From the 11th cent. to the Reformation, the area's history was closely connected with the Benedictine abbey (founded 1002). Remains of the abbey still exist. Other industries manufacture foundry products, tires, footwear, chemicals, and locomotives.

Berwick-upon-Tweed, district (1991 pop. 26,400), Northumberland, NE England, at the mouth of the Tweed River. The district includes the Holy Islands and the Farne Islands and extends SW to the Cheviot Hills. The town of Berwick, located in the district, is a market town and seaport, famous for its salmon fishing. Grain is the chief export; oil and timber are imported. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, sawmilling, fertilizer production, and the manufacture of tweed and hosiery. The principal border town between Scotland and England, Berwick changed hands more than 13 times between 1147 and 1482, when Edward IV finally claimed it for England. It did not become officially English until 1885. Of interest are the Royal Border Bridge, the old barracks, and the walls surrounding the city that were especially designed to utilize artillery guns.

Town (pop., 2001: 22,187), Warwickshire, England. It is located on the River Avon. The town's first royal charter was granted in 1553. For centuries it was a country market town, but it became a tourist centre because of its association with William Shakespeare, who was born and died there; his grave is in the parish church of Holy Trinity. The Shakespeare Centre in Stratford includes a library and an art gallery (opened 1881) and a theatre (opened 1932). Every year from March until October, Shakespeare's plays are performed in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.

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or Newcastle

City and metropolitan borough (pop., 2001: 259,573), metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England, on the River Tyne. It dates from the Roman period and derives its name from the Norman castle built in 1080 by Robert II of Normandy, the oldest son of William I (the Conqueror). At first an important wool trade centre, it became a major mining area and coal-shipping port in the 16th century. It was among the world's largest ship-repairing facilities; its economy now rests on associated marine and heavy engineering industries. The city is also an educational centre and features a 14th-century church.

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or Hull

City and unitary authority (pop., 2001: 243,595), geographic county of East Riding of Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. It lies on the northern bank of the River Humber at its junction with the River Hull, 22 mi (35 km) from the North Sea. Hull was a medieval wool port that passed from the monks of Meaux Abbey to Edward I in 1293. For more than 400 years it was the chief shipping port for the inland waterways converging on the River Humber. Granted city status in 1897, it is a major national seaport, accommodating large oceangoing vessels. The medieval part of the city retains a number of historic buildings; its grammar school was founded in 1486.

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