Treaty of Fond du Lac

The Treaty of Fond du Lac may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in Duluth, Minnesota between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples.

1826 Treaty of Fond du Lac

The first treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Lewis Cass and Thomas L. McKenney for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 5, 1826 and proclaimed on February 7, 1827. The Ojibwe chiefs who were not in attendance to the Treaty of Prairie du Chien agreed to its adhesion. The Ojibwe Nations granted to the United States the rights to minerals exploration and mining within Ojibwe lands located north of the Prairie du Chien Line. Provisions were also made for the Ojibwe living about Saint Mary's River. As addenda to this treaty, arrest warrants to certain individuals living outside the jurisdiction of the United States were issued and land grants to the Métis were made.

Signatories

#	Location	Recorded name	Name (Translation/"Alias")
01	St. Marys	Shin-gau-ba Was-sin	Zhingaabewasin (Image Stone)
02	St. Marys	She-wau-be-ke-to-an
03	St. Marys	Way-ish-kee
04	St. Marys	Shee-gud
05	St. Croix Band	Peezhickee	Bizhiki (Buffalo)
06	St. Croix Band	No-den	Noodin (Wind)
07	St. Croix Band	Na-gwun-a-bee	Negwanebi ("Tallest" [Quill]feather)
08	St. Croix Band	Kau-be-map-pa	Gaa-bimaabi (He that sits to the side/"Wet Mouth")
09	St. Croix Band	Chau-co-pee	Shák'pí ("Little" Six)‡
10	St. Croix Band	Jau-beance	Ayaabens (Little Buck)
11	St. Croix Band	Ul-tau-wau	Odaawaa (Trader/"Ottawa")
12	St. Croix Band	My-een-gun-sheens	Ma'iinganzhiins (Little Bad-Wolf)
13	St. Croix Band	Mo-a-so-mo-nee	Máza-máni (Ironwalker)‡
14	St. Croix Band	Muck-u-day peenaas	Makade-bines (Black Bird)
15	St. Croix Band	Shee-wee-tau-gun	Zhiiwitaagan (Salt)
16	La Pointe Band	Peexhickee	Bizhiki (Buffalo)
17	La Pointe Band	Kee-mee-wun	Gimiwan (Rain)
18	La Pointe Band	Kau-bu-zo-way
19	La Pointe Band	Wy-au-wee-nind
20	La Pointe Band	Pee-kwauk-wo-to-an-se-kay
21	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Pay-baum-ik-o-way
22	Lac du Flambeau Band	Gitshee Waubeeshaans	''Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)
23	Lac du Flambeau Band	Mo-a-zo-nee
24	Lac du Flambeau Band	Git-shee Mi-gee-zee	Gichi-migizi (Great Eagle)
25	Lac du Flambeau Band	Miz-hau-quot
26	Ontonagon	Keesh-kee-to-wug	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)
27	Ontonagon	Pee-nay-see	Binesi (Bird)
28	Ontonagon	Mau-tau-gu-mee
29	Ontonagon	Kwee-wee-zais-ish	Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)
30	Vermilion Lake	At-tick-o-ans	Adikoons (Little Elk)
31	Vermilion Lake	Gy-ut-shee-in-i-nee	Gayaachiinh-inini (Small Man)
32	Vermilion Lake	Jauk-way
33	Vermilion Lake	Mad-wag-ku-na-gee-zhig-waab
34	Vermilion Lake	Jau-ko-gee-zhig-waish-kun
35	Vermilion Lake	Nee-zbo-day	Niizhoode' (Two-hearted)
36	Vermilion Lake	Nun-do-chee-ais
37	Vermilion Lake	O-gee-mau-gee-gid
38	Vermilion Lake	An-nee-mee-kees	Animikiins (Little Thunder)
39	Ontonagon	Kau-waish-kung
40	Ontonagon	Mau-tau-gu-mee
41	Snake River	Way-mit-te-go-ash	Wemitigoozh (Frenchman)
42	Snake River	Isk-quag-wun-aa-bee	Ishkwaagwanebi (End [Quill]feather)
43	Snake River	Mee-gwun-aus	Miigwanens (Little Feather)
44	Lac du Flambeau Band	Pa-moos-say	Bemose (Walking)
45	Lac du Flambeau Band	May-tau-koos-ee-gay	Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco)
46	Rainy Lake	Aa-nub-kum-ig-ish-kunk	Enakamigishkang (Makes It Happen)
47	Sandy Lake Band	O-sau-mem-i-kee	Ozaawinimikii (Yellow Thunder)
48	Sandy Lake Band	Git-shee Way-mir-tee-go-ost	Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)
49	Sandy Lake Band	Paa-shu-nin-leel
50	Sandy Lake Band	Wau-zhus-ko-kok
51	Sandy Lake Band	Nit-um-o-gau-bow-ee	Netamigaabawi (Stands First)
52	Sandy Lake Band	Wat-tap	Wadab (Spunk)
53	Fond du Lac Band	Shin-goop	Zhingob (Spruce)
54	Fond du Lac Band	Mon-e-to-gee-zi-so-ans	Manidoo-giiziswens (Little Sun-Spirit)
55	Fond du Lac Band	Mong-a-zid	Maangozid (Loon's Foot)
56	Fond du Lac Band	Ma-ne-to-gee-zhig	Manidoo-giizhig (Sky Spirit)
57	Fond du Lac Band	O-jau-nee-mau-son
58	Fond du Lac Band	Mis-kwau-tais	Miskwaadesi ([Painted] Turtle)
59	Fond du Lac Band	Nau-bu-nay-ger-zhig	Nabane-giizhig (One-side of the Sky)
60	Fond du Lac Band	Un-nau-wau-bun-daun
61	Fond du Lac Band	Pau-tau-bay
62	Fond du Lac Band	Mi-gee-see	Migizi (Eagle)
63	Ontonagon	Waub-ish-kee-pee-naas	Waabishki-bines (White Bird)
64	Ontonagon	Tweesh-tweesh-kee-way
65	Ontonagon	Kun-de-kund	Okandikan (Bouy)
66	Ontonagon	Oguh bayaunuhquotwaybee
67	Ontonagon	Pay-bau-mau-sing
68	Ontonagon	Keesh-kee-mun	Giishkimon (Whetstone/"Sharpened Knife")
69	Crow Wing River	Mau-gu-gau-bo-wie
70	Crow Wing River	Pu-dud	Pítad (Muskrat's Liver)‡
71	Crow Wing River	Naug-du-nosh
72	Crow Wing River	O-zhus-kuck-oen	Wazhashkokon (Muskrat's Liver)
73	Crow Wing River	Waub-o-gee	Waabojiig (White Fisher)
74	Crow Wing River	Saw-ba-nosh
75	Crow Wing River	Kee-way-den	Giiwedin (North)
76	Crow Wing River	Git-shee-mee-win-i-nee
77	Crow Wing River	Wy-nu-nee
78	Crow Wing River	O-bu-mau-gee-zhig
79	Crow Wing River	Pay-bou-mid-gee-wung
80	Crow Wing River	Mau-gee-gau-bou	Maajigaabawi (Starts to Stand/"Stepping Ahead")
81	Crow Wing River	Pay-bau-mo-gee-zhig	Bebaamogiizhig (Sky Rambling)
82	Crow Wing River	Kau-be-map-pa	Gaa-bimaabi (He that sits to the side)
83	Crow Wing River	Way-mit-te-go-azhu
84	Crow Wing River	Ou-ju-pe-naas
85	Crow Wing River	Mad-way-os-sin	Madwewasin (Hears Stones)

^‡ Name given in Dakota.

1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac

The second treaty of Fond du Lac was signed by Issac A. Verplank and Henry Mower Rice for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on August 2, 1847 and proclaimed on April 7, 1848. This treaty ceded lands in a triangular area west of the Mississippi River, bounded by the Prairie du Chien Line, Mississippi River, Crow Wing River and Long Prairie River. According to the oral histories of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, representatives from the Ho-Chunk Nation negotiated with the Lake Superior and Mississippi Chippewas before treaty discussions with the United States took place to guarantee the safety of the Ho-Chunk Nation who was about to be displaced with the admission of Wisconsin Territory into the Union as the State of Wisconsin, per Treaty of Washington (1846). However, due to frequent skirmished by the Pillager Chippewa, the Ho-Chunks were in constant danger of raids and were relocated to southern Minnesota in 1855. The Ho-Chunk Nation, subsequently, ceded their Minnesota areas to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to a safer area in Nebraska.

Signatories

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
1	Crow Wing	Kai-ah-want-e-da		2d chief
2	Gull Lake	Waub-o-jceg	Waabojiig (White Fisher)	1st chief
3	Crow Wing	Ut-tom-auh		1st warrior
4	Crow Wing	Shen-goob	Zhingob (Spruce)	1st warrior
5	Gull Lake	Que-wish-an-sish	Gwiiwizhenzhish (Bad Boy)	1st warrior
6	Crow Wing	Maj-c-gah-bon	Maajigaabaw (Start to Stand)	2d warrior
7	Crow Wing	Kag-gag-c-we-guon	Gaagagiiwigwan (Raven’s Feather)	warrior
8	Crow Wing	Mab uk-um-ig		warrior
9	Sandy Lake Band	Nag-aun-cg-a-bon	Nagaanigaabaw (Stand in Front)	2d chief
10	Sandy Lake Band	Wan-jc-ke-shig-uk	Wenji-giizhigak	chief
11	Sandy Lake Band	Kow-az-rum-ig-ish-kung		warrior
12	La Pointe Band	Ke-che-wask-keenk	Gichi-weshkiinh (Great Renewer)	1st chief
13	St. Croix Lake	Gab-im-ub-be	Gaa-bimabi	chief
14	Pelican Lakes	Kee-che-waub-ish-ash	Gichi-waabizhesh (Big Marten)	1st chief
15	Pelican Lakes	Nig-gig	Nigig (Otter)	2d chief
16	Lac du Flambeau Band	Ud-c-kum-ag	Adikameg (Whitefish)	2d chief
17	La Pointe Band	Ta-che-go-onk		3d chief
18	La Pointe Band	Muk-no-a-wuk-und		warrior
19	St. Croix Band	O-sho-gaz		warrior
20	La Pointe Band	A-dow-c-re-shig	Edaawi-giizhig	warrior
21	La Pointe Band	Keesh-ri-tow-ng	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)	1st warrior
22	Rice Lake Band	I-aub-ans	Ayaabens (Little Buck)	chief
23	La Pointe Band	Tug-wany-am-az	Dagwagaane (Two Lodges Meet)	2d chief
24	Ontonagon Band	O-rum-de-kun	Okandikan (Bouy)	chief
25	Ontonagon	Keesh-re-tow-no	Giishkitawag (Cut Ear)	2d chief
26	Pokegama	Maj-c-wo-we-clung	Maajiwewidang (Starts Speaking)	2d chief
27	Pokegama	Ke-che-wa-mib-co-osk	Gichi-wemitigoozh (Big Frenchman)	1st chief
28	Fond du Lac Band	Mongo-o-sit	Maangozid (Loon’s Foot)	3d chief
29	Fond du Lac Band	Mug-un-ub		2d chief
30	Fond du Lac Band	An-im-as-ung	Enimaasing (Sails Away)	1st warrior
31	Chippewa River	Waub-ish-ashe	Waabizheshi (Marten)	1st chief
32	Chippewa River	Make-cen-gun	Ma'iingan (Wolf)	2d chief
33	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Kee-wan-see		chief
34	Puk-wa-wun	Ten-as-see		chief
35	Lac Courte Oreilles Band	Nag-an-is		2d chief
36	Puk-wa-wun	Ke-chi-in-in-e	Gichi-inini	1st warrior
37	Turtle Portage	Ke-che-now-uj-c-nim		chief
38	Lac du Flambeau Band	Bus-e-guin-jis		warrior
39	Fond du Lac Band	Shin-goob	Zhingob (Spruce)	1st chief
40	Grand Portage Band	Shay-u-ash-cens	Zhaaganaashiins (Little Englishman)	1st chief
41	Grand Portage Band	Ud-ik-ons	Adikoons (Little Elk)	2d chief
42	La Pointe Band	Me-zye	Mizay (Eel)	4th chief
43	L'Anse Band		David King	1st chief
44	L'Anse Band	Ma-tak-o-se-ga	Metaakozige ([Smokes] Pure Tobacco)	1st warrior
45	L'Anse Band	Assurcens		2d warrior
46	L'Anse Band		Peter Marksman	chief
47			Alexander Corbin	chief
48		William W. W. Warren	William W. Warren	1st chief
49		Jno. Pta. Rellenger	Jean-Baptise Reyergé
50			Charles Charlo
51			Battiste Gauthier	Chief
52	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Vincent Roy	Chief
53	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	John Btse. Cadotte	Jean-Baptise Cadotte	Warrior
54	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Lemo Sayer	2d chief
55	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Jhn. Btse. Roy	Jean-Baptise Roy	Warrior
56	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Michel Bas-he-na
57	La Pointe Band Half-breeds	Lueson Godin	Luizon Godin
58	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		John Sayer
59	La Pointe Band Half-breeds		Lueson Corbin	Chief
60	La Pointe, Wisconsin	Wm. W. Warren	William W. Warren	witness/interpreter
61	La Pointe, Wisconsin	Chas. H. Oakes	Charles H. Oakes	witness
62	Rochester, New York		Roswell Hart	witness
63	Batavia, New York		Henry Evans	witness
64		A. Morrison		witness
65		S. Hovers	Smith Hovers	witness
66			Mamoci M. Samuel	witness
67			Henry Blatchford	witness/interpreter
68			William A. Aitken	witness
69			Julius Ombrian	witness

The signatory headmen were the following:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01	Trout Lake	Ke-nesh-te-no	Ginishinoo (Cree)	chief
02	Lac du Flambeau Band	Mah-shah		1st warrior
03	Red Cedar Lake	I-oush-ou-c-ke-shik		chief
04	Mille Lacs Indians	Mah-ko-dah	Makode' (Bear's Hear)	1st warrior
05	Mille Lacs Indians	Pe-tud	Pítad (Muskrat's Liver)	1st chief
06	Mille Lacs Indians	Aunch-e-be-nas	Aanji-bines (Changing Bird)	2d warrior
07	Red Cedar Lake	Mish-in-nack-in-ugo		warrior
08	Sandy Lake Band	Gah-nin-dum-a-win-so	Gaa-nandawaawinzo (He that Gathers Berries/"le Brocheux")	1st chief
09	Sandy Lake Band	Mis-quod-ase	Miskwadesi	warrior
10	Sandy Lake Band	Na-tum-e-gaw-bow	Netamigaabaw (Stands First)	2d chief
11	Sandy Lake Band	I-ah-be-dua-we-dung		warrior
12	Pokegama	Bi-a-jig	Bayezhig (Lone Man)	1st chief
13	Mississippi Half-breeds		Joseph Montre	1st chief
14		Wm. W. Warren	Wililam W. Warren	witness/interpreter
15			Peter Marksman	witness/interpreter
16			Smith Hovers	witness

Treaty adhesion:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01	Snake River	No-din	Noodin (Wind)	chief
02			William A. Aitkin	witness
03		R. B. Carlton		witness

Treaty adhesion approval:

#	Location	Recorded Name	Name (Translation/"Alias")	Title
01		Po-go-ne-gi-shik	Bagonegiizhig (Hole in the Day)
02		William Aitkin	William A. Aitken	witness
03		D. T. Sloan		witness

Notes

External links

• Text of the 1826 treaty
• Text of the 1846 Ho-Chunk treaty
• Text of the 1847 treaty
• Text of the 1865 Ho-Chunk treaty