White Sulphur Springs, town (1990 pop. 2,779), Greenbrier co., SE W.Va., in the Allegheny Mts. near the Virginia border; settled c.1750. A mineral springs health resort since early 1800s, it is the site of The Greenbrier, a historic hotel whose grounds conceal a formerly secret two-story underground bunker built (1958; decommissioned 1995) to house Congress during a nuclear war. An 1830s spring house and a national fish hatchery are there, and national and state forests are nearby.

Warm Springs, resort, Meriwether co., W Ga. The salutary properties of the water springing from Pine Mt. were known to Native Americans, and white settlers learned of them in the late 18th cent. By the 1830s a resort was established. Destroyed by fire in 1865, it was soon rebuilt and became fashionable by the end of the 19th cent. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who found the water beneficial after his attack of poliomyelitis, established (1927) the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation (now the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation) to help other victims of the disease, and he gave the foundation his 2,600-acre (1,052-hectare) farm there. He retained the cottage known as the Little White House (now a Georgia State Historic Site), in which he died in 1945. Nearby is the twon, incorporated in 1924 as Warm Springs (1990 pop. 407), formerly named Bullochville. Callaway Gardens (14,000 acres/ 5,660 hectares) is to the west.

Sulphur Springs, city (1990 pop. 14,062), seat of Hopkins co., NE Tex., in a farm area; inc. 1859. Vegetables, wheat, rice, and corn are grown, and livestock and dairying are important. There is clay and timber in the area. Firebrick, dairy products, and cranberry juice are produced in the city, which became the county seat in 1871.

Steamboat Springs, town (1990 pop. 6,695), Routt co., NW Colo., on the Yampa River, just W of the Park Range; founded 1875, inc. 1907. It is a resort and skiing center, with ranching, farming, and light manufacturing. There are hot mineral springs and coal mines in the area. Steamboat Springs is the headquarters of nearby Routt National Forest.

Springs, city (1991 pop. 157,702), Gauteng, NE South Africa. It is an industrial center of the Witwatersrand, a gold- and uranium-mining region. Manufacturing has replaced mining in economic importance and includes processed metals, chemicals, paper, and foodstuffs. Springs began to develop after the start (1885) of coal mining nearby.

Silver Springs, mineral spring, N central Fla., source of the Silver River. The limestone spring, one of the world's largest and most famous, has a basin 80 ft (24 m) deep and 300 ft (91 m) wide. The water temperature is 72°F; (22°C;) throughout the year. The extreme clearness of the water is due to the filtration of rainwater through the porous soil and substrata. Silver Springs remains a tourist attraction; a great variety of aquatic life may be seen through glass-bottomed boats. The Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto was probably the first European to visit the spring (1539). The town of Silver Springs is nearby.

Saratoga Springs, resort and residential city (1990 pop. 25,001), Saratoga co., E N.Y.; inc. as a village 1826, as a city 1915. Skidmore College is the largest source of employment, but the city also has light manufacturing. The last battle of the Saratoga campaign was fought near the city in 1777. The nearby Saratoga National Historical Park embraces the battlefield. After the American Revolution, as the fame of its carbonated mineral waters spread, the village became a health resort. In the 19th cent., Saratoga Springs was one of the most popular social and sporting centers in America. Horse racing, which continues to be one of its major attractions, was begun after 1863.

Of interest are the racetrack, racing museum and hall of fame, and many old buildings and homes, including the Casino (1867), a former gambling establishment that now houses two museums; Yaddo, the renowned artists' colony, is also there. An elaborate state-owned spa (1935) preserves and utilizes the waters and offers curative baths. Saratoga Spa state park, summer home of the Philadelphia Orchestra and, formerly, the New York City Ballet, is south of the city; the dance hall of fame and museum are also there. The State Univ. of New York's Empire State College is in the city.

Santa Fe Springs, city (1990 pop. 15,520), Los Angeles co., SW Calif., inc. 1957. The city lies in an oil and natural gas region and has diversified manufacturing.

Sand Springs, city (1990 pop. 15,346), Tulsa co., NE Okla., an industrial suburb of Tulsa, on the Arkansas River; founded 1907. There are oil and natural-gas wells and food-processing and chemical industries.

Rock Springs, city (1990 pop. 19,050), alt. c.6,270 ft (1,910 m), Sweetwater co., SW Wyo., on Bitter Creek; inc. 1888. It is a cattle and sheep shipping point and the center of large natural trona mines that produce soda ash. Oil and gas production, electric-power distribution, a revived coal industry, food processing, a chemical industry, and tourism are also important. Rock Springs is the gateway to many recreational areas and natural wonders, and an annual rodeo is held there. It was settled around a trading post and stage station established on the Overland Trail in the 1860s.

Palm Springs, city (1990 pop. 40,181), Riverside co., S Calif.; founded 1876, inc. 1938. It is a verdant desert oasis and a resort with classic mid-20th cent. architecture, many golf courses, and the Palm Springs Desert Museum. There is an international airport. It was known to the Spanish as early as 1774 as Agua Caliente because of its hot springs. By 1872 it was a regular stop on the stagecoach run between Prescott, Ariz., and Los Angeles. Nearby are the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation; Mt. San Jacinto, with a cable run almost to the top; and Palm Canyon, containing forests of Washingtonia palms estimated to be over 1,000 years old. Also in the area are a state park and the Joshua Tree National ParK.

Mill Springs, village, on the Cumberland River, S of Frankfort, SE Ky.; site of the opening battle of the Kentucky-Tennessee campaign of the Civil War and the first important Union victory in the West. On Jan. 19, 1862, the Union forces of Gen. George Thomas repulsed a Confederate attack led by Gen. George Crittenden at Logan's Crossroads, 10 mi (16 km) north of the river; E Tennessee was thus left open to a Union advance.

Miami Springs, city (1990 pop. 13,268), Dade co., SE Fla., a residential suburb of Miami; inc. 1926. The wells in the city supply water to much of Dade co. Miami International Airport is adjacent to the city.

Hot Springs National Park, 5,549 acres (2,247 hectares), W central Ark.; est. 1921; nearly surrounded by the city of Hot Springs. Visited by Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto in 1541, the springs, long used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, became a Federal Reservation in 1832. More than a million gallons of water a day, with an average temperature of 143°F; (62°C;), flow from 47 springs. The National Park Service collects, cools, and supplies water to bathhouses in and out of the park. See National Parks and Monuments (table).

Hot Springs, city (1990 pop. 32,462), seat of Garland co., W central Ark.; settled 1807, inc. 1876. The city nearly surrounds Hot Springs National Park, whose hot mineral springs made the city a famous health resort. Bottled mineral water is produced, and there is diversified manufacturing. Situated in the Ouachita Mts., the city is at the center of the reservoir system of the Ouachita River. The area was visited by the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto in 1541. The properties of the local mineral waters were investigated in 1804 under the authorization of President Thomas Jefferson.

Coral Springs, city (1990 pop. 79,443), Broward co., SE Fla.; inc. 1963. Largely residential, it is a city that has grown rapidly along with the southern Florida and Fort Lauderdale area. The population of Coral Springs nearly doubled between 1980 and 1990.

Colorado Springs, city (1990 pop. 281,140), seat of El Paso co., central Colo., on Monument and Fountain creeks, at the foot of Pikes Peak; inc. 1886. It is a year-round resort and a booming military, technological, and commercial city. Electronic, computer, mining, and aerospace manufactures are important economically.

The town of El Dorado (later Colorado City) was founded on Fountain Creek by gold miners in 1859. In 1871, Gen. William Palmer and the Denver and Rio Grande RR established the city of Fountain Colony nearby; the modern name was adopted because of the many mineral springs in the area. Colorado Springs absorbed Colorado City in 1917. The city grew enormously in the late 20th cent.

The seat of Colorado College, a Univ. of Colorado branch, and Nazarene Bible College, Colorado Springs is also the site of a U.S. Olympic training center and the headquarters of Pike National Forest. The United States Air Force Academy is just north; also nearby are U.S. Fort Carson, Peterson Air Force Base, and Cheyenne Mountain.

Alice Springs, town (1991 pop. 20,448), Northern Territory, Australia. It lies in a pastoral area surrounded by desert near the center of the continent and is a stop on the Adelaide Darwin Railway. The town became important as a telegraph station on the overland route from Adelaide to Darwin. It is now the focus of tourism for central Australia. Gold, copper, tungsten, and mica are mined in the area.

Resort city (pop., 2000: 42,807), southern California, U.S. It is located in the Coachella Valley. Originally known as Agua Caliente for its hot springs, it was a stagecoach stop by 1872. In 1884 John G. McCallum established the Palm Valley Colony there. Incorporated as a city in 1938, it developed into a glamorous desert resort and residential area, frequented by celebrities, including Hollywood stars. Nearby is Joshua Tree National Park.

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City (pop., 2000: 360,890), central Colorado, U.S. Standing on a mesa near the eastern base of Pikes Peak, it was founded in 1871 as Fountain Colony and later renamed for nearby mineral springs. Growth followed the Cripple Creek gold strikes in the 1890s. Military installations gave further impetus to development: it is home to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the U.S. Space Command, headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base (established 1942); Fort Carson (1942); and the U.S. Air Force Academy (1958). The Garden of the Gods, a natural park with red sandstone monoliths, is one of many scenic attractions.

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Town (pop., 2006: 23,893), Northern Territory, Australia. It lies between Darwin and Adelaide, virtually in the centre of the continent. It originated in the 1870s as a station on the Overland Telegraph Line. Because of its location, it has become a major shipping point. Its mild winter climate makes it a popular tourist destination.

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