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# Slugging percentage

{{sabermetric | formula = $SLG = frac\left\{TB\right\}\left\{AB\right\}$}}

In baseball statistics, slugging percentage (abbreviated SLG) is a popular measure of the power of a hitter. It is calculated as total bases divided by at bats:

$SLG = frac\left\{\left(mathit\left\{1B\right\}\right) + \left(2 times mathit\left\{2B\right\}\right) + \left(3 times mathit\left\{3B\right\}\right) + \left(4 times mathit\left\{HR\right\}\right)\right\}\left\{AB\right\}$

where AB is the number of at-bats for a given player, and 1B, 2B, 3B, and HR are the number of singles, doubles, triples, and home runs, respectively. Walks are specifically excluded from this calculation.

For example, in 1920, Babe Ruth played his first season for the New York Yankees. In 458 at bats, Ruth had 172 hits, comprising 73 singles, 36 doubles, 9 triples, and 54 home runs, which brings the total base count to 73 + (36 × 2) + (9 × 3) + (54 × 4) = 388. His total number of bases (388) divided by his total at-bats (458) is .847, his slugging percentage for the season. The next year he slugged .846, and these records went unbroken until 2001, when Barry Bonds achieved 411 bases in 476 at-bats, bringing his slugging percentage to .863, unmatched since.

## Significance

Long after it was first invented, slugging percentage gained new significance when baseball analysts realized that it combined with on-base percentage (OBP) to form a very good measure of a player's overall offensive production (in fact, OBP + SLG was originally referred to as "production" by baseball writer and statistician Bill James). A predecessor metric was developed by Branch Rickey in 1954. Rickey, in Life Magazine, suggested that combining OBP with what he called "extra base power" (EBP) would give a better indicator of player performance than typical Triple Crown stats. EBP was a predecessor to slugging percentage.

Allen Barra and George Ignatin were early adopters in combining the two modern-day statistics, multiplying them together to form what is now known as "SLOB" (Slugging × On-Base). Bill James applied this principle to his runs created formula several years later (and perhaps independently), essentially multiplying SLOB × At-Bats to create the formula:

$RC=frac\left\{\left(Hits+Walks\right)\left(Total Bases\right)\right\}\left\{At Bats+Walks\right\}$

In 1984, Pete Palmer and John Thorn developed perhaps the most widespread means of combining slugging and on-base percentage: OPS. "OPS" simply stands for "on-base plus slugging", and is a simple addition of the two values. Because it is easy to calculate, OPS has been used with increased frequency in recent years as a shorthand form to evaluate contributions as a batter.

## Perfect slugging percentage

The maximum numerically possible slugging percentage is 4.000, which has been achieved momentarily by several players who hit a home run on their first at-bat of the season. Kevin Kouzmanoff, then playing for the Cleveland Indians, hit a grand slam off of Edinson Volquez on his first major-league pitch on September 2, 2006. He thus briefly achieved the best possible offensive percentage in every category, including some esoteric categories such as "runs per pitch" (4.000).

Mariners pitcher Felix Hernandez hit a grand slam in his only at-bat of the 2008 season during inter league play and has a 4.000 slugging percentage. New York Yankees Minor League infielder Cody Ransom hit home runs in each of his two Major League at bats in 2008 and for one week was tied with Felix Hernandez for highest slugging percentage at (4.000).