• Physical sexing

Assisted physical sexing is a relevant issue in Vertebrates with cloaca (e.g. [[Birds, Reptiles or Amphibians) when there are no external sexual dimorphism. In Veterinary practice, fibroscopy is used under general anaesthesia in Birds (e.g. Parrots).

• Molecular sexing

Molecular sexing are techniques using DNA for determine genders in wild (population studies) or domestic species (farming, genetics) or man (archaeology, forensic medicine). Markers commonly used inclue :

• amelogenin
• SRY
• ZFX/ZFY

Various techniques have been developed using simple polymerase chain reaction product size dimorphism, presence/absence, restriction dimorphism, or even sequencing.