Rubefacient

They are believed to relieve pain by a counterirritant effect, and many act via transient receptor potential ion channels. Common medicinal rubefacients include :

• Capsaicin (derived from Cayenne, Capsicum minimum)
• Salicylates (such as Oil of Wintergreen, Methyl Salicylate)
• Nicotinate esters
• Rubbing alcohol

Common herbal rubefacients include:

• Cloves (Eugenia caryphyllus)
• Garlic (Allium sativum)
• Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• Horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia)
• Mustard (Brassica alba or B. nigra)
• Nettle (Urtica dioica)
• Rosemary Oil (Rosmarinus officinalis)
• Rue (Ruta graveolens)

See also

• Liniment

References